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Physics-Uspekhi

Strongly correlated electrons: the t-J model

Yu. A. Izyumov

Published May 31, 1997• 108 citations
Publisher

Abstract

A systematic study is made of the t-J model as a working model for copper oxide high-Tc superconductors. The main focus is on the near-half- filling region (low hole concentrations) relevant to these materials. The theory of the magnetic polaron, which is a charge carrier traveling in an antiferromagnetic matrix, and the theory of antiferromagnetic ordering are discussed in a unified framework. The spin liquid state beyond the antiferromagnetic phase is examined. The Hamiltonian parameters – hole concentration phase diagram for the model is described and compared with that for the Hubbard model in the strong correlation limit. Two extensions of the t-J model, the t-t'-J model and the three-center interaction model, are discussed. Mostly analityc strong correlation techniques are employed in this review.

DOI
10.1070/pu1997v040n05abeh000234

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A systematic study is made of the t-J model as a working model for copper oxide high-Tc superconductors. The main focus is on the near-half- filling region (low hole concentrations) relevant to these materials. The theory of the magnetic polaron, which is a charge carrier traveling in an antiferromagnetic matrix, and the theory of antiferromagnetic ordering are discussed in a unified framework. The spin liquid state beyond the antiferromagnetic phase is examined. The Hamiltonian parameters – hole concentration phase diagram for the model is described and compared with that for the Hubbard model in the strong correlation limit. Two extensions of the t-J model, the t-t'-J model and the three-center interaction model, are discussed. Mostly analityc strong correlation techniques are employed in this review.
The t-J model has been proposed to describe the physics of copper oxide planes in high-temperature superconductors. A real-space quantum renormalization-group method is developed in order to study the t-J Hamiltonian in a square lattice. The zero-temperature phase diagram is analysed for electron concentrations near the half-filled band and ratio J/t. A critical line is found that separates two distinct regions: one of a gas of holes in an antiferromagnetic background, and the other consisting of a phase in which holes segregate into a hole-rich and a pure antiferromagnetic region, as demonstrated by chemical-potential eigenvalue calculations near the phase attractor. The results are close to the experimental observations.
The authors have used an exact diagonalization technique to explore the ground-state phase diagram of the two-dimensional Holstein-t-J model near half filling. The nature of the ground state is analysed, calculating self consistently the local lattice distortions, on-site spin and charge densities, as well as the magnetic structure form factor. They demonstrate that doped holes tend to form hole-polaron or bipolaron states. Compared to that in the uncorrelated model (spinless fermions), the critical electron-phonon coupling strength for the self-trapping transition of the doped charge carriers is considerably reduced by the antiferromagnetic exchange interaction. The relevance to the cuprate superconductors is discussed.
We carry out a systematic study of collective spin and charge excitations for the canonical single-band Hubbard, t–J–U, and t–J models of high-temperature copper-oxide superconductors, both on electron- and hole-doped side of the phase diagram. A~recently developed variational wave function approach, combined with the expansion in the inverse number of fermionic flavors, is employed. All three models exhibit a substantial electron–hole asymmetry of magnetic excitations, with a robust paramagnon emerging for hole-doping, in agreement with available resonant inelastic X-ray scattering data for the cuprates. The t–J model yields additional high-energy peak in the magnetic spectrum that is not unambiguously identified in spectroscopy. For all considered Hamiltonians, the dynamical charge susceptibility contains a coherent mode for both hole- and electron doping, with overall bandwidth renormalization controlled by the on-site Coulomb repulsion. Away from the strong-coupling limit, the antiferromagnetic ordering tendency is more pronounced on the electron-doped side of the phase diagram.
The three-band model relevant to high-temperature copper-oxide superconductors is solved using single-site dynamical mean field theory and a tight-binding parametrization of the copper and oxygen bands. For a band filling of one hole per unit cell the metal/charge-transfer-insulator phase diagram is determined. The electron spectral function, optical conductivity, and quasiparticle mass enhancement are computed as functions of electron and hole doping for parameters such that at one hole per cell the paramagnetic phase is insulating and for parameters such that at one hole per unit cell the paramagnetic phase is metallic. The optical conductivity is computed using the Peierls phase approximation for the optical matrix elements. The calculation includes the physics of ``Zhang-Rice singlets.'' The effects of antiferromagnetism on the magnitude of the gap and the relation between correlation strength and doping-induced changes in state density are determined. Three-band and one-band models are compared. The two models are found to yield quantitatively consistent results for all energies less than about 4 eV including energies in the vicinity of the charge-transfer gap. Parameters on the insulating side of the metal/charge-transfer insulator phase boundary lead to gaps which are too large and near-gap conductivities which are too small relative to data. The results place the cuprates clearly in the intermediate correlation regime, on the paramagnetic metal side of the metal/charge-transfer insulator phase boundary.
Theoretical ideas and experimental results concerning high-temperature superconductors are reviewed. Special emphasis is given to calculations performed with the help of computers applied to models of strongly correlated electrons proposed to describe the two-dimensional CuO2{\mathrm{O}}_{2}O2​ planes. The review also includes results using several analytical techniques. The one- and three-band Hubbard models and the $t\ensuremath{-}J$ model are discussed, and their behavior compared against experiments when available. The author found, among the conclusions of the review, that some experimentally observed unusual properties of the cuprates have a natural explanation through Hubbard-like models. In particular, abnormal features like the mid-infrared band of the optical conductivity $\ensuremath{\sigma}(\ensuremath{\omega})$, the new states observed in the gap in photoemission experiments, the behavior of the spin correlations with doping, and the presence of phase separation in the copper oxide superconductors may be explained, at least in part, by these models. Finally, the existence of superconductivity in Hubbard-like models is analyzed. Some aspects of the recently proposed ideas to describe the cuprates as having a ${d}_{{x}^{2}\ensuremath{-}{y}^{2}}$ superconducting condensate at low temperatures are discussed. Numerical results favor this scenario over others. It is concluded that computational techniques provide a useful, unbiased tool for studying the difficult regime where electrons are strongly interacting, and that considerable progress can be achieved by comparing numerical results against analytical predictions for the properties of these models. Future directions of the active field of computational studies of correlated electrons are briefly discussed.