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Proceedings of the Steklov Institute of Mathematics

p-Adic model of quantum mechanics and quantum channels

Evgenii Igorevich Zelenov

Published Jul 24, 2014• 10 citations
Publisher

Abstract

A p -adic realization of the standard statistical model of quantum mechanics is constructed. Within this realization, a p -adic linear bosonic channel is defined, and its properties are analyzed. In particular, a criterion for the existence of a linear Gaussian bosonic channel is obtained, and its explicit construction is described. It is shown that the p -adic Gaussian bosonic channels possess an additivity property.

DOI
10.1134/s0081543814040105

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A p -adic realization of the standard statistical model of quantum mechanics is constructed. Within this realization, a p -adic linear bosonic channel is defined, and its properties are analyzed. In particular, a criterion for the existence of a linear Gaussian bosonic channel is obtained, and its explicit construction is described. It is shown that the p -adic Gaussian bosonic channels possess an additivity property.
A configuration of a ppp -adic quantum linear bosonic Gaussian channel is proposed. The entropy gain of such a channel is calculated. An adelic formula for the entropy gain is derived.
We review some recent results on the mathematical foundations of a quantum theory over a scalar field that is a quadratic extension of the non-Archimedean field of [Formula: see text]-adic numbers. In our approach, we are inspired by the idea — first postulated in [I. V. Volovich, [Formula: see text]-adic string, Class. Quantum Grav. 4 (1987) L83–L87] — that space, below a suitably small scale, does not behave as a continuum and, accordingly, should be modeled as a totally disconnected metrizable topological space, ruled by a metric satisfying the strong triangle inequality. The first step of our construction is a suitable definition of a [Formula: see text]-adic Hilbert space. Next, after introducing all necessary mathematical tools — in particular, various classes of linear operators in a [Formula: see text]-adic Hilbert space — we consider an algebraic definition of physical states in [Formula: see text]-adic quantum mechanics. The corresponding observables, whose definition completes the statistical interpretation of the theory, are introduced as SOVMs, a [Formula: see text]-adic counterpart of the POVMs associated with a standard quantum system over the complex numbers. Interestingly, it turns out that the typical convex geometry of the space of states of a standard quantum system is replaced, in the [Formula: see text]-adic setting, with an affine geometry; therefore, a symmetry transformation of a [Formula: see text]-adic quantum system may be defined as a map preserving this affine geometry. We argue that, as a consequence, the group of all symmetry transformations of a [Formula: see text]-adic quantum system has a richer structure with respect to the case of standard quantum mechanics over the complex numbers.
Properties of Bosonic linear (quasi-free) channels, in particular, Bosonic Gaussian channels with two types of degeneracy are considered. The first type of degeneracy can be interpreted as existence of noise-free canonical variables (for Gaussian channels it means that det⁡α=0\detα=0detα=0). It is shown that this degeneracy implies existence of (infinitely many) "direct sum decompositions" of Bosonic linear channel, which clarifies reversibility properties of this channel (described in arXiv:1212.2354) and provides explicit construction of reversing channels. The second type of degeneracy consists in rank deficiency of the operator describing transformations of canonical variables. It is shown that this degeneracy implies existence of (infinitely many) decompositions of input space into direct sum of orthogonal subspaces such that the restriction of Bosonic linear channel to each of these subspaces is a discrete classical-quantum channel.
We propose a model of a quantum N-dimensional system (quNit) based on a quadratic extension of the non-Archimedean field of p-adic numbers. As in the standard complex setting, states and observables of a p-adic quantum system are implemented by suitable linear operators in a p-adic Hilbert space. In particular, owing to the distinguishing features of p-adic probability theory, the states of an N-dimensional p-adic quantum system are implemented by p-adic statistical operators, i.e., trace-one selfadjoint operators in the carrier Hilbert space. Accordingly, we introduce the notion of selfadjoint-operator-valued measure (SOVM)—a suitable p-adic counterpart of a POVM in a complex Hilbert space—as a convenient mathematical tool describing the physical observables of a p-adic quantum system. Eventually, we focus on the special case where N=2, thus providing a description of p-adic qubit states and 2-dimensional SOVMs. The analogies—but also the non-trivial differences—with respect to the qubit states of standard quantum mechanics are then analyzed.
Abstract In the framework of quantum mechanics constructed over a quadratic extension of the field of p-adic numbers, we consider an algebraic definition of physical states. Next, the corresponding observables, whose definition completes the statistical interpretation of the theory, are introduced as SOVMs, a p-adic counterpart of the POVMs associated with a quantum system over the complex numbers. Differently from the standard complex setting, the space of all states of a p-adic quantum system has an affine — rather than convex — structure. Thus, a symmetry transformation may be defined, in a natural way, as a map preserving this affine structure. We argue that the group of all symmetry transformations of a p-adic quantum system has a richer structure wrt the case of standard quantum mechanics over the complex numbers.
Within the framework of quantum mechanics over a quadratic extension of the non-Archimedean field of p-adic numbers, we provide a definition of a quantum state relying on a general algebraic approach and on a p-adic model of probability theory. As in the standard complex case, a distinguished set of physical states are related to a notion of trace for a certain class of bounded operators, and in fact, we show that one can define a suitable space of trace class operators in the non-Archimedean setting, as well. The analogies—but also the several (highly non-trivial) differences—with respect to the case of standard quantum mechanics in a complex Hilbert space are analyzed.