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Journal of Low Temperature Physics

Dynamical Properties of Vortices in a Bose-Einstein Condensate in a Rotating Lattice

Kenichi Kasamatsu, Makoto Tsubota

Published May 25, 2007• 4 citations
Publisher
DOI
10.1007/s10909-007-9395-9

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Quantized vortices play a key role in superfluidity and superconductivity. We have observed the formation of highly ordered vortex lattices in a rotating Bose-condensed gas. These triangular lattices contained over 100 vortices with lifetimes of several seconds. Individual vortices persisted up to 40 seconds. The lattices could be generated over a wide range of rotation frequencies and trap geometries, shedding light on the formation process. Our observation of dislocations, irregular structure, and dynamics indicates that gaseous Bose-Einstein condensates may be a model system for the study of vortex matter.

Science•Apr 20, 2001•1,512 citations
We develop a stochastic Gross-Pitaveskii theory suitable for the study of Bose-Einstein condensation in a rotating dilute Bose gas. The theory is used to model the dynamical and equilibrium properties of a rapidly rotating Bose gas quenched through the critical point for condensation, as in the experiment of Haljan et al. [Phys. Rev. Lett. 87, 210403 (2001)]. In contrast to stirring a vortex-free condensate, where topological constraints require that vortices enter from the edge of the condensate, we find that phase defects in the initial noncondensed cloud are trapped en masse in the emerging condensate. Bose-stimulated condensate growth proceeds into a disordered vortex configuration. At sufficiently low temperature the vortices then order into a regular Abrikosov lattice in thermal equilibrium with the rotating cloud. We calculate the effect of thermal fluctuations on vortex ordering in the final gas at different temperatures, and find that the BEC transition is accompanied by lattice melting associated with diminishing long-range correlations between vortices across the system.
We investigate the vortex lattices of harmonically confined quasi-two-dimensional tilted rotational dipolar Bose-Einstein condensates. By employing an extended Gross-Pitaevskii equation for a rotating condensate, we reveal the structural transformation of vortices from square to triangular lattices as the tilt of dipolar bosons relative to the polarization axis approaches a critical angle. When the tilt of the magnetic dipoles surpasses the magic angle, the condensate elongates diagonally and becomes devoid of vortices. Moreover, we include the Lee-Huang-Yang correction, which enables the formation of vortices in the elongated condensate. Additionally, when dipoles are oriented perpendicular to the polarization axis, the Lee-Huang-Yang correction results in the fragmentation of condensates under strong rotation. The quench dynamics of the rotational frequency demonstrate the development of vortex lattices; however, with a strong rotational quench, the condensate remains free of vortices. Our numerical analysis highlights the beyond mean-field effects of the rotational properties of anisotropic dipolar bosons, which can be observed in current dipolar quantum gas experiments.
Quantized vortices play a key role in superfluidity and superconductivity. We have observed the formation of highly ordered vortex lattices in a rotating Bose-condensed gas. These triangular lattices contained over 100 vortices with lifetimes of several seconds. Individual vortices persisted up to 40 seconds. The lattices could be generated over a wide range of rotation frequencies and trap geometries, shedding light on the formation process. Our observation of dislocations, irregular structure, and dynamics indicates that gaseous Bose-Einstein condensates may be a model system for the study of vortex matter.