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Journal of Mathematical Physics

Cluster Expansions in Many-Fermion Theory. II. Rearrangements of Primitive Decomposition Equations

Paul A. Westhaus, J. W. Clark

Published Jan 1, 1968• 33 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The ``factor-cluster'' formalisms introduced in the preceding paper are used as a tool for a further development of the cluster theories proposed by Iwamoto and Yamada and by Aviles, Hartogh, and Tolhoek. The primitive decomposition characterizing each of the older formalisms is rearranged into the exponential of a series with a uniform N dependence in the limit of large N. In addition a ``linked cluster'' theorem is proven for the series comprising the exponent in the Iwamoto-Yamada formalism. Our derivations, unlike those of earlier authors, are valid for all N.

DOI
10.1063/1.1664467

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The factor-cluster'' formalisms introduced in the preceding paper are used as a tool for a further development of the cluster theories proposed by Iwamoto and Yamada and by Aviles, Hartogh, and Tolhoek. The primitive decomposition characterizing each of the older formalisms is rearranged into the exponential of a series with a uniform N dependence in the limit of large N. In addition a linked cluster'' theorem is proven for the series comprising the exponent in the Iwamoto-Yamada formalism. Our derivations, unlike those of earlier authors, are valid for all N.
Cluster development may furnish a powerful device for the calculation of the expectation values of the observables of a many-fermion system with respect to dynamically correlated state vectors. The generalized normalization integral, a generating function for the required expectation values, is defined, and four of the many possible decompositions of this function into cluster integrals are explored. Two of these decompositions are slight extensions of the conventional ones of Iwamoto and Yamada and Aviles, Hartogh, and Tolhoek. The other two are product decompositions, leading to new ``factor-cluster'' formalisms. A factor-cluster expansion is applied to the evaluation of the n-particle spatial distribution function.
A simple alternative derivation of conventional cluster expansion formulas of Iwamoto and Yamada and others for the expectation value ≪H > of the energy of a many-Fermion system is offered. The assumed trial function is of the general form FΦp/(FΦp, FΦp)1/2, where Φp is a Slater determinant of appropriate single-particle functions and the factor F is attached to account for the possibility of strong interparticle correlations. The proposed scheme is applicable to finite as well as infinite systems and is easily generalized to the calculation of non-diagonal as well as diagonal matrix elements, with respect to the members of the set {FΦp/(FΦp, FΦp)1/2}. Explicit results for ≪H > are displayed to second cluster order, contributions being classified according to their assigned order of magnitude in a correlation parameter ξ=|Nω/Ω| of the sort introduced by Iwamoto and Yamada and Clark and Westhaus.
We develop diagrammatic methods which give the explicit expression for the n th order term of the linked Iwamoto-Yamada cluster expansion in terms of the cluster integrals. The method applies independently of the number A of particles of the system. We carry through partial summations which for finite A result in a representation of the expansion by skeleton diagrams, whereas in the limit A → ∞ the expansion is reduced to two analytical equations. In addition, for finite A the renormalization establishes a connection between the expectation value of an arbitrary operator and the probability to find n hole states, 1 ≤ n ≤ A, occupied. Simple considerations raise some doubts concerning the convergence of the unrenormalized expansion.
An approximation method developed previously to deal with many particles in strong interaction is examined in further detail. It is shown that the series giving the interaction energy is a development in a sequence of linked or irreducible cluster terms each of which gives a contribution to the energy proportional to the total number of particles. Consequently the convergence of the expansion is independent of the total number of particles. The origin of this simple feature is illustrated by showing that a similar situation exists in the expansion of standard perturbation theory. The numerical convergence of the expansion is quantitatively discussed for the nuclear problem where it is shown that the correction arising from the first cluster term involving three particles is less than the leading term by a factor of about ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}4}$. The smallness of the correction is largely a result of the action of the exclusion principle.
A strongly coupled system---the limiting case of a highly degenerate many-fermion system for which the variation of the kinetic energy is neglected, and the interaction restricted to a region of momentum space neighboring the Fermi surface---has been analyzed in a manner not dependent upon assumptions about the convergence of power series expansions or on partial summations of infinite series. The vacuum expectation value of the resolvent operator, ${〈\frac{1}{(H\ensuremath{-}z)}〉}_{0}$, is expressed as the Laplace transform of the exponential of a function linearly dependent on the volume of the system. It is shown that the linked-cluster expansion of the vacuum expectation value of the resolvent operator has a zero radius of convergence as a power series in the coupling constant. The most serious physical consequence of this is that a nontrivial interaction never results in a "normal" system.