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Physical Review A

Compact forms of reduced density matrices

Luis M. Tel, Encarnación Pérez-Romero, F. J. Casquero, C. Valdemoro

Published May 21, 2003• 13 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The objective of this paper is to identify the necessary and sufficient minimum information carried by Reduced Density Matrices (RDMs). This minimum of essential information determines a set of equivalent compact-form matrices that are devoid of the redundant information present in the original RDMs when the system possesses symmetry invariances. The basic properties and algebra operations of these compact-form matrices are obtained here. The use of these new mathematical objects renders far more economical the operations and storage of RDMs and will thus be of interest in the study of systems with symmetry invariances. In particular, it opens the possibility of using large basis for medium-sized systems when solving iteratively the contracted Schr\"odinger equation.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.67.052504

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The objective of this paper is to identify the necessary and sufficient minimum information carried by Reduced Density Matrices (RDMs). This minimum of essential information determines a set of equivalent compact-form matrices that are devoid of the redundant information present in the original RDMs when the system possesses symmetry invariances. The basic properties and algebra operations of these compact-form matrices are obtained here. The use of these new mathematical objects renders far more economical the operations and storage of RDMs and will thus be of interest in the study of systems with symmetry invariances. In particular, it opens the possibility of using large basis for medium-sized systems when solving iteratively the contracted Schr"odinger equation.
The general equation linking a q-order reduced density matrix (q-RDM) with the corresponding q-order hole reduced density matrix (q-HRDM) has been reported in the preceding paper [F. Colmenero, C. Perez del Valle, and C. Valdemoro, preceding paper, Phys. Rev. A 47, 971 (1993)]. In this equation, neither Kronecker \ensuremath{\delta} functions nor mixed products of elements of RDM's and HRDM's appear, and the part involving hole terms has the same structure as that involving particle terms. Recently [C. Valdemoro, Phys. Rev. A 45, 4462 (1992)], a similar equation for q=2 has been used to approximate the 2-RDM from the knowledge of the 1-RDM. Here, the 3-RDM and the 4-RDM are approximated by using the 2-RDM as an initial datum. The ultimate aim of this research is to develop an iterative method for solving the contracted form of the Schr\"odinger equation [L. Cohen and C. Frishberg, Phys. Rev. A 13, 927 (1976); H. Nakatsuji, ibid. 14, 41 (1976)]. A matrix form in the orbital representation of this equation is reported here. Finally, the second-order hypervirial equation, also in its matrix form, has been derived so that the quality of the results can be judged.
In this paper we address a number of topics regarding the contracted Schrödinger equation (CSE): (i) The cumulant expansion of reduced density matrices (RDMs), and the reduction of the CSE to a connected form. (ii) The comparison of the resulting formalism to coupled cluster theory. (iii) The direct calculation of the two-particle RDM in terms of the cumulants, without explicitly imposing any N-representability conditions. We explore a number of approximations, the most elaborate of which is the 3,5-CSE in which the cumulant expansion is carried out to the three-particle level, and the only approximation made is to equate the four- and five-particle cumulants to zero. Overall the numerical results we present for selected small model systems are found to be disappointing and we provide a critical analysis of the perceived shortcomings of our cumulant approach to the CSE.
Preface. I: Properties of Reduced Density Matrices. 1. RDMs: How Did We Get Here? A.J. Coleman. 2. Some Theorems on Uniqueness and Reconstruction of Higher-Order Density Matrices M. Rosina. 3. Cumulant Expansions of Reduced Densities, Reduced Density Matrices, and Green's Functions P. Ziesche. 4. On Calculating Approximate and Exact Density Matrices R. Erdahl, B. Jin. II: The Contracted Schroedinger Equation. 5. Density Equation Theory in Chemical Physics H. Nakatsuji. 6. Critical Questions Concerning Iterative Solution of the Contracted Schroedinger Equation C. Valdemoro, L.M. Tel, E. Perez-Romero 7. Cumulants and the Contracted Schroedinger Equation D.A. Mazziotti.. III: Density Matrix Functional Theory. 8. Natural Orbital Functional Theory S. Goedecker, C.J. Umrigar. 9. The Pair Density in Approximate Density Functional Theory: The Hidden Agent N.T. Maitra, K. Burke. 10. Functional N-representability in Density Matrix and Density Functional Theory: An Illustration for Hooke's Atom E.V. Ludena, V. Karasiev, A. Artemiev, D. Gomez.. IV: Electron Intracule and Extracule Densities. 11. Intracule and Extracule Densities: Historical Perspectives and Future Prospects E. Valderrama, J.M. Ugalde, R.J. Boyd. 12. Topology of Electron Correlation J. Cioslowski. 13. Electron-Pair Densities of Atoms T. Koga. Index.
The commutation-anticommutation relations of q-electron operators imply a set of N representability conditions [A. J. Coleman, Rev. Mod. Phys. 31, 668 (1963)] for the corresponding q-order reduced density matrices (q-RDM) [C. Valdemoro, An. Fis. 79, 95 (1983); in Structure, Interaction and Reactivity, edited by S. Fraga (Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1992)]. From these conditions, a general and closed-form relation is obtained here. In this equation the part involving RDM's has the same structure as that involving hole reduced density matrices. This relation is the basis of a method for approximating a q-RDM in terms of the r-RDM's [C. Valdemoro, Phys. Rev. A 45, 4462 (1992)] with rq. The derivation of this relation can be simplified significantly by employing a graph method which is described here. These graphs are in a one-to-one correspondence with the elements of the symmetric group of permutations.