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AIP conference proceedings

Tailoring the Properties of Light and Matter for Photonics

Robert W. Boyd, Nikolaos A. Vainos, Stelios Couris, Emmanuel Paspalakis, Ioannis B. Koutselas, Stavros Pissadakis

Published Jan 1, 2010• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

In this contribution, we present an overview of some recent research trends in the field of photonics. Topics treated in this overview include (1) what is nonlinear optics and why should we care about it? (2) implications of the ability to control the velocity of light; (3) quantum and nonlinear optical imaging; and (4) the development of new photonic materials.

DOI
10.1063/1.3521360

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In this contribution, we present an overview of some recent research trends in the field of photonics. Topics treated in this overview include (1) what is nonlinear optics and why should we care about it? (2) implications of the ability to control the velocity of light; (3) quantum and nonlinear optical imaging; and (4) the development of new photonic materials.
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This presentation first reviews the historical development of the field of nonlinear optics, starting from its inception in 1961. It then reviews some of its more recent developments, including especially how nonlinear optics has become a crucial tool for the developing field of quantum technologies. Fundamental quantum processes enabled by nonlinear optics, such as the creation of squeezed and entangled light states, are reviewed. We then illustrate these concepts by means of specific applications, such as the development of secure communication systems based on the quantum states of light. We are also interested in studying the properties of structured light fields. These structured light beams have recently been shown to possess exotic properties of their own, such as vacuum propagation velocities differing from the light velocity c for plane waves. These beams can also be tailored in such a way that they carry orbital angular momentum, which can be used to apply a torque to mechanical objects and as a carrier of information in a classical and quantum telecommunication system. Light can carry angular momentum both by means of its spin angular momentum (as manifested for example in circular polarization) and by means of its orbital angular momentum (OAM), whose origin is a helical structure of its wavefront. The orbital angular momentum of light has recently been recognized to constitute a crucial attribute for many photonic technologies, including the trapping and manipulation of small particles and for multiplexing in optical telecommunication. In this presentation we review some of the fundamental properties of OAM including its quantum features such as entanglement. We then go on to describe a secure telecommunication system in which information is encoded in OAM, and which can carry more than one bit of information per photon.
Nonlinear interactions between photons are fundamentally weak as the photons do not interact directly with each other, and any interaction is mediated by matter. This has motivated researchers over many decades to search for strongly nonlinear materials (by controlling electronic properties) and optical resonators with strong spatial and temporal confinement of light. An extreme form of nonlinear optics is quantum nonlinear optics, where we can realize nonlinear interaction between single photons. Such quantum nonlinear optics is at the heart of any photonic quantum information system including analog quantum simulation and fault-tolerant quantum computing. While engineering light-matter interactions can effectively create photon-photon interactions, the required photon number to observe any nonlinearity are normally very high, where any quantum-mechanical signature disappears. However, with emerging low-dimensional materials and engineered photonic resonators, the photon number can be reduced to reach the quantum nonlinear optical regime. In this review paper, we discuss different mechanisms exploited in solid-state platforms to attain quantum nonlinear optics. We review emerging materials and optical resonator architectures with different dimensionalities. We also present future research directions and open problems in this field.
This presentation first reviews the historical development of the field of nonlinear optics, starting from its inception in 1961. It then reviews some of its more recent developments, including especially how nonlinear optics has become a crucial tool for the developing field of quantum technologies. Fundamental quantum processes enabled by nonlinear optics, such as the creation of squeezed and entangled light states, are reviewed. We then illustrate these concepts by means of specific applications, such as the development of secure communication systems based on the quantum states of light. We are also interested in studying the properties of structured light fields. These structured light beams have recently been shown to possess exotic properties of their own, such as vacuum propagation velocities differing from the light velocity c for plane waves. These beams can also be tailored in such a way that they carry orbital angular momentum, which can be used to apply a torque to mechanical objects and as a carrier of information in a classical and quantum telecommunication system. Light can carry angular momentum both by means of its spin angular momentum (as manifested for example in circular polarization) and by means of its orbital angular momentum (OAM), whose origin is a helical structure of its wavefront. The orbital angular momentum of light has recently been recognized to constitute a crucial attribute for many photonic technologies, including the trapping and manipulation of small particles and for multiplexing in optical telecommunication. In this presentation we review some of the fundamental properties of OAM including its quantum features such as entanglement. We then go on to describe a secure telecommunication system in which information is encoded in OAM, and which can carry more than one bit of information per photon.