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Journal of Physics B Atomic Molecular and Optical Physics

On the repulsive nature of the Dirichlet boundaries in the confined atom problem

Vladimir I. Pupyshev

Published Mar 1, 2000• 20 citations
Publisher

Abstract

An atom in a box with penetrable or impenetrable potential walls is shown analytically to move under the influence of the repulsive forces from the boundaries of the cavity when all the atom-medium interactions are described by the Dirichlet boundary conditions or effective one-particle `box' potentials. Simple geometrical methods allow one to find the energetically optimal position of the atom in the cavity. For instance, the ground state energy of the hydrogen atom is proved to be minimal when the nucleus is situated at the centre of the cube or sphere. Some applications for molecules are also mentioned.

DOI
10.1088/0953-4075/33/5/312

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An atom in a box with penetrable or impenetrable potential walls is shown analytically to move under the influence of the repulsive forces from the boundaries of the cavity when all the atom-medium interactions are described by the Dirichlet boundary conditions or effective one-particle `box' potentials. Simple geometrical methods allow one to find the energetically optimal position of the atom in the cavity. For instance, the ground state energy of the hydrogen atom is proved to be minimal when the nucleus is situated at the centre of the cube or sphere. Some applications for molecules are also mentioned.
The authors propose a new method of solving the Schrodinger equation for a quantum system enclosed in a box with infinite potential walls. The method combines the variational technique with boundary perturbation theory and can be applied to a general non-separable case. When the Schrodinger equation for an enclosed system separates into an ordinary differential equation, the method gives the exact energy and wavefunction. As an application of the method the authors obtain the ground-state energy of the hydrogen atom placed off-centre in a spherical cavity. A generalisation of the variational boundary perturbation technique for finite potential walls is suggested.
We consider a Dirac particle in a spherical box with a time-dependent radius. Analytical and numerical solutions of the time-dependent Dirac equation with time-dependent boundary (Dirichlet) conditions are obtained. Using the obtained solutions, physically observable characteristics of the dynamical confinement, such as the average kinetic energy (as a function of time) and average quantum force acting on the particle by the moving wall, are calculated. The trembling motion is analysed by computing the average coordinate of the Dirac particle as a function of time. The absence of the geometric phase is shown by direct calculation.
The direct variational method is used to study two simple confined systems, namely, the hydrogen atom and the harmonic oscillator within impenetrable spherical boxes. The trial wave functions have been assumed as the product of the ‘‘free’’ solutions of the corresponding Schrödinger equation and a simple function that satisfies the respective boundary conditions. The energy levels obtained in this way are extremely close to the exact ones, thus proving the utility of the proposed method. This might constitute a complementary exercise for undergraduate students since usual quantum mechanics textbooks do not explore the use of the variational method to study confined systems.
Confinement of atoms inside impenetrable (hard) and penetrable (soft) cavities has been studied for nearly eight decades. However, a unified virial theorem for such systems has not yet been found. Here we provide a general virial-like equation in terms of mean square and expectation values of potential and kinetic energy operators. It appears to be applicable in both free and confined situations. Apart from that, we have derived an equation using the time-independent Schr\"odinger equation, which can be treated as a sufficient condition for a given stationary quantum state. A change of boundary condition does not affect these virial equations. In the hard confining condition, the perturbing (confining potential) does not affect the expression; it merely shifts the boundary from infinity to a finite region. In the soft case, on the contrary, the final expression includes contributions from the perturbing term. These are demonstrated numerically for several representative enclosed systems like harmonic oscillators (one-dimensional and three-dimensional) and hydrogen atoms. Its applicability in various other confinements (including angular) has been discussed. In essence, a virial equation has been proposed for free and confined quantum systems, from simple arguments.