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Physical Review E

Reduced-density-matrix spectrum and block entropy of permutationally invariant many-body systems

Mario Salerno, Vladislav Popkov

Published Jul 30, 2010• 13 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Spectral properties of the reduced density matrix (RDM) of permutational invariant quantum many-body systems are investigated. The RDM block diagonalization which accounts for all symmetries of the Hamiltonian is achieved. The analytical expression of the RDM spectrum is provided for arbitrary parameters and rigorously proved in the thermodynamical limit. The existence of several sum rules and recurrence relations among RDM eigenvalues is also demonstrated and the distribution function of RDM eigenvalues (including degeneracies) characterized. In particular, we prove that the distribution function approaches a two-dimensional Gaussian in the limit of large subsystem sizes n>>1. As a physical application we discuss the von Neumann entropy (VNE) of a block of size n for a system of hard-core bosons on a complete graph, as a function of n and of the temperature T. The occurrence of a crossover of VNE from purely logarithmic behavior at T=0 to a purely linear behavior in n for T≥Tc, is demonstrated.

DOI
10.1103/physreve.82.011142

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Spectral properties of the reduced density matrix (RDM) of permutational invariant quantum many-body systems are investigated. The RDM block diagonalization which accounts for all symmetries of the Hamiltonian is achieved. The analytical expression of the RDM spectrum is provided for arbitrary parameters and rigorously proved in the thermodynamical limit. The existence of several sum rules and recurrence relations among RDM eigenvalues is also demonstrated and the distribution function of RDM eigenvalues (including degeneracies) characterized. In particular, we prove that the distribution function approaches a two-dimensional Gaussian in the limit of large subsystem sizes n>>1. As a physical application we discuss the von Neumann entropy (VNE) of a block of size n for a system of hard-core bosons on a complete graph, as a function of n and of the temperature T. The occurrence of a crossover of VNE from purely logarithmic behavior at T=0 to a purely linear behavior in n for T≥Tc, is demonstrated.
In this paper we discuss the properties of the reduced density matrix of quantum many body systems with permutational symmetry and present basic quantification of the entanglement in terms of the von Neumann (VNE), Renyi and Tsallis entropies. In particular, we show, on the specific example of the spin 1/2 Heisenberg model, how the RDM acquires a block diagonal form with respect to the quantum number k fixing the polarization in the subsystem conservation of Sz and with respect to the irreducible representations of the Sn group. Analytical expression for the RDM elements and for the RDM spectrum are derived for states of arbitrary permutational symmetry and for arbitrary polarizations. The temperature dependence and scaling of the VNE across a finite temperature phase transition is discussed and the RDM moments and the Rényi and Tsallis entropies calculated both for symmetric ground states of the Heisenberg chain and for maximally mixed states.
Abstract Entanglement entropy has long served as a central diagnostic of complexity and information scrambling in quantum many-body systems, and its behavior in random quantum circuits is by now well characterized. However, as a single scalar, entanglement entropy captures only the total uncertainty of the reduced density matrix spectrum while discarding the detailed structure of that spectrum — including the shape of the eigenvalue distribution, level repulsion signatures, and the transition from integrable to chaotic behavior. In this work, we propose spectral entropy — the Shannon entropy of the eigenvalue distribution of the reduced density matrix — as a structured diagnostic that goes beyond standard entanglement entropy. Using numerical simulations, we compute the spectral entropy of subsystem reduced states in Haar-random and Clifford circuits as a function of circuit depth, and compare its behavior against von Neumann entanglement entropy, Rényi-2 entropy, and entanglement spectrum level-spacing statistics. We expect to find three key results: (i) spectral entropy exhibits a growth timescale distinct from that of entanglement entropy, potentially reflecting spectral restructuring more sensitively; (ii) in the depth regime where entanglement entropy has already saturated, spectral entropy may continue to evolve, revealing late-time complexification that standard entanglement measures cannot resolve; (iii) spectral entropy may display a distinctive response to measurement-induced or noise-induced disentanglement that differs qualitatively from entanglement entropy. This work positions spectral entropy as a complementary — not replacement — tool to entanglement entropy, offering a finer spectral lens on information scrambling, thermalization, and complexity growth in random quantum circuits.
Using arguments built on ergodicity, we derive an analytical expression for the Renyi entanglement entropies which, we conjecture, applies to the finite-energy density eigenstates of chaotic many-body Hamiltonians. The expression is a universal function of the density of states and is valid even when the subsystem is a finite fraction of the total system-a regime in which the reduced density matrix is not thermal. We find that in the thermodynamic limit, only the von Neumann entropy density is independent of the subsystem to the total system ratio V_{A}/V, while the Renyi entropy densities depend nonlinearly on V_{A}/V. Surprisingly, Renyi entropies S_{n} for n>1 are convex functions of the subsystem size, with a volume law coefficient that depends on V_{A}/V, and exceeds that of a thermal mixed state at the same energy density. We provide two different arguments to support our results: the first one relies on a many-body version of Berry's formula for chaotic quantum-mechanical systems, and is closely related to the eigenstate thermalization hypothesis. The second argument relies on the assumption that for a fixed energy in a subsystem, all states in its complement allowed by the energy conservation are equally likely. We perform an exact diagonalization study on quantum spin-chain Hamiltonians to test our analytical predictions.
The entanglement spectrum of the reduced density matrix contains information beyond the von Neumann entropy and provides unique insights into exotic orders or critical behavior of quantum systems. Here, we show that strongly disordered systems in the many-body localized phase have power-law entanglement spectra, arising from the presence of extensively many local integrals of motion. The power-law entanglement spectrum distinguishes many-body localized systems from ergodic systems, as well as from ground states of gapped integrable models or free systems in the vicinity of scale-invariant critical points. We confirm our results using large-scale exact diagonalization. In addition, we develop a matrix-product state algorithm which allows us to access the eigenstates of large systems close to the localization transition, and discuss general implications of our results for variational studies of highly excited eigenstates in many-body localized systems.
The information content of continuous quantum variables systems is usually studied using a number of well known approximation methods. The approximations are made to obtain the spectrum, eigenfunctions or the reduced density matrices that are essential to calculate the entropy-like quantities that quantify the information. Even in the sparse cases where the spectrum and eigenfunctions are exactly known the entanglement spectrum, {\em i.e.} the spectrum of the reduced density matrices that characterize the problem, must be obtained in an approximate fashion. In this work, we obtain analytically a finite representation of the reduced density matrices of the fundamental state of the N-particle Calogero model for a discrete set of values of the interaction parameter. As a consequence, the exact entanglement spectrum and von Neumann entropy is worked out.