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Physical Review A

Quantum dissipation for the kicked particle

Doron Cohen, Shmuel Fishman

Published Jun 1, 1989• 23 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The evolution of the density matrix is calculated in the Wigner representation for the periodically kicked particle [H=(1/2${\mathit{p}}^{2}$+1/2) ${\mathit{Kx}}^{2}$${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Sigma}}}_{\mathit{n}}$\ensuremath{\delta}(t-nT)] in the presence of dissipation. The dissipation is introduced via a linear coupling to a bath of harmonic oscillators. The behavior in various regions of the parameter space for the problem is analyzed in detail and compared with the Markovian approximation. The degree of agreement with the Markovian approximation is classified. In various regions in parameter space the model reduces to various examples that were studied in the past (damped particle, harmonic oscillator). Most regions of the parameter space were not explored in the past and are of potential interest. One of these regions exhibits a limit cycle.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.39.6478

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The evolution of the density matrix is calculated in the Wigner representation for the periodically kicked particle [H=(1/2p2{\mathit{p}}^{2}p2+1/2) {\mathit{Kx}}^{2}$${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Sigma}}}_{\mathit{n}}\ensuremath{\delta}(t-nT)] in the presence of dissipation. The dissipation is introduced via a linear coupling to a bath of harmonic oscillators. The behavior in various regions of the parameter space for the problem is analyzed in detail and compared with the Markovian approximation. The degree of agreement with the Markovian approximation is classified. In various regions in parameter space the model reduces to various examples that were studied in the past (damped particle, harmonic oscillator). Most regions of the parameter space were not explored in the past and are of potential interest. One of these regions exhibits a limit cycle.
We use the characteristic function of the Wigner function (its double Fourier transform) to give solution to any generic open quantum linear systems (systems whose Hamiltonian is at most quadratic). The solution is carried out in terms of the application of the transition matrix of the dynamical evolution in the Fourier space. We address two cases: the time-independent coefficients for which we give the solutions for several dissipative models of the quantum harmonic oscillator and the one-dimensional free particle. In the latter, we also derive a heuristic model for a pure damped motion with suppression of diffusion. For the time-dependent coefficient problem, we give some particular cases that are integrable and derive a second order approximation to the generic case in which all parameters are time-dependent. We additionally explore the solutions of the system when the diffusion processes of the dissipative model lie beyond the weak coupling limit.
We analyze the irreversible behavior of a quantum harmonic oscillator immersed in an arbitrary thermal reservoir. For the fully coupled (FC) model, i.e., the coupling between subsystems linear in the coordinate of the oscillator, we construct a generalized master equation for the reduced density operator of the oscillator. We apply the rotating-wave approximation (RWA) and investigate its connection with the FC master equation. By means of the Wigner distribution, we obtain the corresponding Fokker-Planck equations in the semiclassical representation. We find that, when the RWA is not imposed, the correct classical limit is obtained (Kramer's equation). Then, we establish the conditions for the equivalence between the FC Fokker-Planck equation and that obtained in the RWA. Quantum maps for a kicked oscillator immersed in a heat bath are obtained in both cases. These maps are studied in the classical and semiclassical limits, and it is shown that they coincide for low kicking frequency compared to the damping rate.
Using the parametrically driven harmonic oscillator as a working example, we study two different Markovian approaches to the quantum dynamics of a periodically driven system with dissipation. In the simpler approach, the driving enters the master equation for the reduced density operator only in the Hamiltonian term. An improved master equation is achieved by treating the entire driven system within the Floquet formalism and coupling it to the reservoir as a whole. The different ensuing evolution equations are compared in various representations, particularly as Fokker-Planck equations for the Wigner function. On all levels of approximation, these evolution equations retain the periodicity of the driving, so that their solutions have Floquet form and represent eigenfunctions of a nonunitary propagator over a single period of the driving. We discuss asymptotic states in the long-time limit as well as the conservative and the high-temperature limits. Numerical results obtained within the different Markov approximations are compared with the exact path-integral solution. The application of the improved Floquet-Markov scheme becomes increasingly important when considering stronger driving and lower temperatures.
Two models for the investigation of the quantum damped kicked-rotator problem are introduced and analysed in a unified fashion. For the first model we follow the Caldeira-Leggett approach while the second constitutes a simplification of the Dittrich-Graham model. These models enable one to investigate the effects of noise and dissipation for systems that exhibit chaos in the classical limit and quantum localization otherwise. The rotator is coupled via its angle coordinate to a heat bath that is held at an arbitrary temperature. Noise time-autocorrelations which may arise from such coupling and the validity of the Markovian approximation are discussed.
Time evolution of the expectation values of various dynamical operators of the harmonic oscillator with dissipation is analitically obtained within the framework of the Lindblad's theory for open quantum systems. We deduce the density matrix of the damped harmonic oscillator from the solution of the Fokker-Planck equation for the coherent state representation, obtained from the master equation for the density operator. The Fokker-Planck equation for the Wigner distribution function is also solved by using the Wang-Uhlenbeck method of transforming it into a linearized partial differential equation for the Wigner function, subject to either the Gaussian type or the δδδ-function type of initial conditions. The Wigner functions which we obtain are two-dimensional Gaussians with different widths.
We analyze the behavior of a damped quantum harmonic oscillator immersed in a heat bath with a nonlinear coupling. For this purpose, we construct a generalized master equation (GME) for the reduced density of the oscillator. We specialize the results for a quadratic coupling in the presence of a bosonic reservoir and an Ohmic dissipation model, analyzing the evolution equation for the mean value of the oscillator coordinate. In the asymptotic case we obtain a gain-loss master equation whose transition rates are polynomials in the number of quanta. No explicit solutions other than the equilibrium one can be written, since the standard methods do not apply. The equilibrium solution is investigated and the eigenvalues of the corresponding spectral problem are numerically computed to study the effect of the nonlinearity on the evolution of the system. By means of the Wigner transformation of the GME, we extract a third-order partial derivative equation that represents the semiclassical evolution of the damped oscillator. In the classical limit this is a nonlinear Fokker-Planck equation.