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Stochastics

Stop times in Fock space quantum probability

R. L. Hudson

Published Mar 30, 2007• 6 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We review Fock space based quantum probability and in particular, the theory of stop times based on it. In the Fock space , a stop time may be defined as a positive self-adjoint operator whose spectral resolution is adapted to the natural filtration based on the splittings Then if K is one of the basic quantum martingales (creation, preservation or annihilation) the corresponding process beginning anew at time T can be defined unambiguosly using functional calculus for the self-adjoint operator T with an operator-valued integrand since the integrand commutes with the integrator. An isometric operator , the forward shift through T, is defined by a similar spectral integral of sure forward shifts and conjugates with . An optional stopping theorem is formulated and proved using similar operator valued spectral integrals.

DOI
10.1080/17442500601078966

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We review Fock space based quantum probability and in particular, the theory of stop times based on it. In the Fock space , a stop time may be defined as a positive self-adjoint operator whose spectral resolution is adapted to the natural filtration based on the splittings Then if K is one of the basic quantum martingales (creation, preservation or annihilation) the corresponding process beginning anew at time T can be defined unambiguosly using functional calculus for the self-adjoint operator T with an operator-valued integrand since the integrand commutes with the integrator. An isometric operator , the forward shift through T, is defined by a similar spectral integral of sure forward shifts and conjugates with . An optional stopping theorem is formulated and proved using similar operator valued spectral integrals.
Following the ideas of Hudson [J. Funct. Anal. 34(2), 266-281 (1979)] and Parthasarathy and Sinha [Probab. Theory Relat. Fields 73, 317-349 (1987)], we define a quantum stopping time (QST, for short) τ in the interacting Fock space (IFS, for short), Γ, over L2(ℝ+), which is actually a spectral measure in [0, ∞] such that τ([0, t]) is an adapted process. Motivated by Parthasarathy and Sinha [Probab. Theory Relat. Fields 73, 317-349 (1987)] and Applebaum [J. Funct. Anal. 65, 273-291 (1986)], we also develop a corresponding quantum stopping time stochastic integral (QSTSI, for abbreviations) on the IFS over a subspace of L2(ℝ+) equipped with a filtration. As an application, such integral provides a useful tool for proving that Γ admits a strong factorisation, i.e., Γ = Γτ] ⊗ Γ[τ, where Γτ] and Γ[τ stand for the part “before τ” and the part “after τ,” respectively. Additionally, this integral also gives rise to a natural composition operation among QST to make the space of all QSTs a semigroup.
This chapter begins with introductions of symmetric Fock space Γ(ℍ) and symmetric Guichardet space Φ(ℍ) of a generic complex Hilbert space ℍ. It is shown that these 2 spaces are actually isomorphic and can and will be used interchangeably throughout the chapter. In particular, the simple and yet useful integral-summation formula (see Theorem (3.2.1)) for the Guichardet space is often employed to establish the essential results in quantum stochastic calculus. It has been shown that the symmetric Fock space (and hence the symmetric Guichadet space) provides a plausible mathematical tool for modeling phenomena in quantum optics or quantum electrodynamics. Many results in the quantum physics and quantum probability literature are actually established based on this concrete model space. When the generic complex Hilbert space ℍ = L 2 (ℝ + ; K) (where K is another complex Hilbert space), the class of exponential vectors along with 3 different types of quantum noise processes, namely, the creation, annihilation, and neutral (or guage) processes, can be introduced. It is shown that the subspace generated by the class of exponential vectors is dense in the Fock space. Therefore, it is convenient to verify the properties that hold for Fock space by verifying the same hold for the class of exponential vectors. Parallel to those of Itô integrals with respect to classical Brownian motion and/or Poisson process, the concepts of a quantum stochastic integral of a operator-valued process (as a member of the Fock space) with respect to each of the above mentioned quantum noise processes are constructed. The quantum stochastic calculus, parallel to those of classical Itô calculus, is developed. The theory of quantum stochastic calculus on the symmetric Fock space due originally to Hudson and Parthasarathy [HP84a] has been the topic of investigation by many researchers in the last 20 years. Much of he material presented in this chapter can be found in the books by Meyer [Mey95], Parthasarathy [Par92] and Attal [Att03].
Using the Wiener–Poisson isomorphism, we show that if (Ft)0 ⩽ t ⩽ 1 is a real, bounded, predictable process adapted to the filtration of a compensated Poisson process (Xt)0 ⩽ t ⩽ 1, and if M ^ t is the operator corresponding to multiplication by M t = ∫ 0 t F s d X s , then for any regular self-adjoint quantum semimartingale J = ( J t ) 0 ⩽ t ⩽ 1 , the essentially self-adjoint quantum semimartingale ( M ^ t + J t ) 0 ⩽ t ⩽ 1 satisfies the quantum Ito formula. We also introduce a generalisation of the Poisson process to a measure space (M, M, μ) as an isometry I: L2 (M, M, μ) → L2(Ω, F, P) and give a new construction of the generalised Wiener–Poisson isomorphism WI: F+ (L2(M)) → L2 (Ω, F, P) using exponential vectors. Using C*-algebra theory, given any measure space we construct a canonical generalised Poisson process. Unlike other constructions, we make no a priori use of Poisson measures. 2000 Mathematics Subject Classification 60G20, 60G35, 46L53, 81S25.
We review the basic concepts of quantum probability and revise the classical and quantum stochastic (QS) calculus using the universal Itô B*-algebra approach. A non-commutative generalization of Lévy process is defined in Fock–Guichardet space in terms of the underlying B*-Itô modular algebra. The main notions and results of classical and QS analysis are reformulated in terms of the non-commutative but associative stochastic covariation of quantum integrals defined as sesquilinear forms adapted to a quantum Lévy process in Fock space. The general semi-Markov QS dynamics is defined in terms of a hemigroup of semi-morphic transformations as adjoints to a semiunitary hemigroup resolving a QS Schrödinger equation in Fock space. The corresponding semi-Markov hemigroup of completely positive contractions resolving a quantum master equation with generalized Lindblad generator as a non-commutative analogue of Feller–Kolmogorov equation is derived by taking vacuum conditional expectation in Fock space.