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IEEE Transactions on Magnetics

Use of a RF-SQUID in a quantum non demolition scheme

Franco Bordoni, P. Carelli, Vittorio Foglietti, F. Fuligni

Published Mar 1, 1985• 9 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The sensitivity required for detecting gravitational waves seems higher than the limit imposed to a linear detector by quantum mechanics. To overcome this drawback, many groups are developing quantum non demolition (QND) schemes. Here we present a QND scheme based on the use of an RF-SQUID. The SQUID is used as a non linear element in order to obtain a combination of a three frequencies inverting and non inverting up-converter.

DOI
10.1109/tmag.1985.1063659

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The sensitivity required for detecting gravitational waves seems higher than the limit imposed to a linear detector by quantum mechanics. To overcome this drawback, many groups are developing quantum non demolition (QND) schemes. Here we present a QND scheme based on the use of an RF-SQUID. The SQUID is used as a non linear element in order to obtain a combination of a three frequencies inverting and non inverting up-converter.
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This is a limited overview of quantum non-demolition (QND) measurements, with brief discussions of illustrative examples meant to clarify the essential features. In a QND measurement, the predictability of a subsequent value of a precisely measured observable is maintained and any random back-action from uncertainty introduced into a noncommuting observable is avoided. The fundamental ideas, relevant theory and the conditions and scope for applicability are discussed with some examples. Precision measurements have indeed gained from developing QND measurements. Some implementations in quantum optics, gravitational wave detectors and spin-magnetometry are discussed.
Quantum fluctuation of light limits the sensitivity of advanced laser interferometric gravitational-wave detectors. It is one of the principal obstacles on the way towards the next-generation gravitational-wave observatories. The envisioned significant improvement of the detector sensitivity requires using quantum non-demolition measurement and back-action evasion techniques, which allow us to circumvent the sensitivity limit imposed by the Heisenberg uncertainty principle. In our previous review article (Danilishin and Khalili in Living Rev Relativ 15:5, 2012 ), we laid down the basic principles of quantum measurement theory and provided the framework for analysing the quantum noise of interferometers. The scope of this paper is to review novel techniques for quantum noise suppression proposed in the recent years and put them in the same framework. Our delineation of interferometry schemes and topologies is intended as an aid in the process of selecting the design for the next-generation gravitational-wave observatories.
Typical photon counters involve absorption of photons to generate electric signals, thus basically destroying the information carried by the photon. This is all the more disastrous if the photon is used as a quantum information carrier, such as a part of an entangled pair. Quantum non-demolition (QND) measurements are de- signed to overcome this limitation. Such a non-destructive photon detection would play a key role in quantum networks where photons can be used as “flying” qubits.\nIn this thesis, using circuit QED we investigate if QND detection of a prop- agating microwave photon is possible. The system considered consists of a three level artificial atom (transmon) interacting with signal and probe fields. The fields are in the microwave regime with their frequencies on par with the energy levels of the transmon. The interaction of these two fields with the artificial atom, imparts a phase change on the probe field via the cross-Kerr effect. By measuring this phase change, we indirectly infer the presence of the signal.\nIn this thesis, we investigate if it is possible to achieve a single photon detection, at first using a single transmon and then using multiple transmons. We find that, while single photon detection is not possible with a single transmon, it is indeed possible with multiple transmons under certain conditions. We also find that with multiple transmons, we can have a large phase change in the probe, which might be desirable in other applications.
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