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Science

Enforcing Coherent Evolution in Dissipative Quantum Dynamics

J. I. Cirac, Thomas Pellizzari, P. Zoller

Published Aug 30, 1996• 89 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The major obstacle to the preparation and manipulation of many-particle entangled states is decoherence due to the coupling of the system to the environment. A scheme to correct for the effects of decoherence and enforce coherent evolution in the system dynamics is described and illustrated for the particular case of the ion-trap quantum computer.

DOI
10.1126/science.273.5279.1207

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The major obstacle to the preparation and manipulation of many-particle entangled states is decoherence due to the coupling of the system to the environment. A scheme to correct for the effects of decoherence and enforce coherent evolution in the system dynamics is described and illustrated for the particular case of the ion-trap quantum computer.
Decoherence and decay of quantum states in open systems is the main obstacle towards the realization of quantum computing and communications and a major impediment for coherent control (of atomic, molecular and condensed-phase processes) and quantum state engineering (of fields and atoms in cavities and trapped ions). This Focus Issue is an attempt to highlight the development of schemes for the control of quantum decay and decoherence, by presenting the major trends in this area. To this end, I have solicited a number of articles from groups that have been particularly active in the pursuit of these trends.
The main obstacle for coherent control of open quantum systems is decoherence due to different dissipation channels and the inability to precisely control experimental parameters. To overcome these problems we propose to use dissipation-assisted adiabatic passages. These are relatively fast processes where the presence of spontaneous decay rates corrects for errors due to nonadiabaticity while the system remains in a decoherence-free state and behaves as predicted for an adiabatic passage. As a concrete example we present a scheme to entangle atoms by moving them in and out of an optical cavity.
Quantum information processing rests on our ability to manipulate quantum superpositions through coherent unitary transformations, and to establish entanglement between constituent quantum components of the processor. The quantum information processor (a linear ion trap, or a cavity confining the radiation field for example) exists in a dissipative environment. We discuss ways in which entanglement can be established within such dissipative environments. We can even make use of a strong interaction of the system with its environment to produce entanglement in a controlled way.
All real-world quantum systems interact with their surrounding environment to some extent. No matter how weak the coupling that prevents the system from being isolated, the evolution of an open quantum system is eventually plagued by non-unitary features, such as decoherence and dissipation. Decoherence is a quantum effect where the system loses its ability to exhibit coherent behavior. Nowadays, decoherence stands as a serious obstacle in quantum information processing. As the manipulation of quantum coherence in experiments has progressed, the need to better understand, control, and utilize dissipative non-equilibrium dynamics of quantum systems has grown in importance. This has ranged from fundamental questions associated with the quantum-to-classical transition and quantum thermodynamics innovation in quantum optics and cavity/circuit quantum electrodynamics. Current studies of many-body dynamics, ultracold atoms in optical lattices, trapped ions, superconducting systems, nanoelectro-mechanical systems, and quantum fields under the influence of external conditions offer new challenges to address questions regarding quantum systems far from equilibrium. On the theoretical side, quantum trajectory-based methods could be the key to both quantum nanodevice design and exploration of new regimes of quantum mechanics and quantum measurement, as well as applications to various quantum technologies.
Quantum entanglement is an important resource in quantum information processing tasks, such as quantum cryptography, quantum teleportation, and quantum computation. The main obstacle to faithful and reliable preparation of entangled states is environment-induced decoherence. Dissipative transition of a general quantum state to an entangled steady state provides an effective strategy to protect entanglement from decoherence, where the decoherence converts into an essential resource. In this paper, we put forward a scheme to prepare generalized Bell states based on trapped ions, in which unitary dynamics and spontaneous emission are combined to drive an arbitrary quantum state in the ground-state space to a unique steady state. The scheme is realized by using the renowned S\o{}rensen-M\o{}lmer setting and is therefore compatible with current experimental technology. Moreover, the vibrational degree of freedom is decoupled from the unitary dynamics so that the scheme does not need to cool the collective vibrational mode to its ground state and thus it works for thermally excited states. Besides, our scheme is demonstrated to be insensitive to variations of some parameters with the aid of numerical simulation.