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Physical Review A

Cancellation effects in four-photon-resonant five-photon ionization through thenfJ=2 states of Xe

Dimitrios Charalambidis, X. Xing, J. Petrakis, Costas Fotakis

Published Jul 1, 1991• 19 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Partial cancellation of the ionization signal in the four-photon-resonant five-photon ionization via J=2 4f and 5f resonances in Xe has been observed at increased gas pressures. Experiments with one and two counterpropagating laser beams provide strong evidence that cancellation is due to destructive interference at the three-photon step between the coherent three- and one-photon excitation channels, the latter involving one vacuum ultraviolet photon of the third-harmonic generation that occurs above the 6s[3/2${]}_{1}^{\mathit{o}}$ state. The well-known destructive interference for the ``on-resonance'' case is now shown to occur also for large detuning from the resonance (up to 2000 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$) probed by four-photon-resonant five-photon ionization. This type of cancellation may provide a new insight in interference effects involved in multiphoton-excitation processes.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.44.r24

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CANCELLATION EFFECTS IN 4-PHOTON-RESONANT 5-PHOTON IONIZATION THROUGH THE NF J=2 STATES OF XE

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Partial cancellation of the ionization signal in the four-photon-resonant five-photon ionization via J = 2 4f and 5f resonances in Xe has been observed at increased gas pressures. Experiments with one and two counterpropagating laser beams provide strong evidence that cancellation is due to destructive interference at the three-photon step between the coherent three- and one-photon excitation channels, the latter involving one vacuum ultraviolet photon of the third-harmonic generation that occurs above the 6s[3/2]1o state. The well-known destructive interference for the ''on-resonance'' case is now shown to occur also for large detuning from the resonance (up to 2000 cm-1) probed by four-photon-resonant five-photon ionization. This type of cancellation may provide new insight in interference effects involved in multiphoton-excitation processes.

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We use resonance ionization involving two colors in single-pass and retroreflected geometries to study the suppression of excitation of a four-photon resonance by an interference involving four-wave sum-frequency generation occurring near an intermediate three-photon resonance. The 6p[1/2](J=0) state of xenon is excited by three blue photons plus one infrared photon. One beam, focused to ${\mathit{I}}_{1}$\ensuremath{\simeq}7\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{9}$ W/${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$, is nearly three-photon resonant with the 6s[3/2](J=1) resonance; the second, unfocused beam (${\mathit{I}}_{2}$\ensuremath{\simeq}2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{7}$ W/${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$) is tuned to maintain exact four-photon resonance with the 6p[1/2](J=1) state. One additional blue photon ionizes from the four-photon level. Third-harmonic light is generated by the first, nearly three-photon-resonant beam by four-wave sum-frequency mixing. One third-harmonic photon plus one photon from the second laser form a second excitation pathway to the four-photon level; destructive interference between the two pathways results in a reduction in the observed ionization. The degree of reduction depends on the xenon density and the detuning (both positive and negative) from three-photon resonance. This interference may be overcome by retroreflecting the nearly three-photon-resonant beam to provide an additional excitation pathway which generates no third harmonic.The study provides detailed information on the pressure-dependent range from exact resonance over which the familiar three-photon cancellation effect is operative; it shows that the interference occurs in high- and low-energy regions about three-photon resonance; and it establishes that interference is produced for large values of the phase mismatch even if the absorption of the interfering field is low. We compare our measurements of the reduction in ionization with predictions published by us elsewhere [M. G. Payne, J. C. Miller, R. C. Hart, and W. R. Garrett, Phys. Rev. A 44, 7684 (1991)]; excellent agreement is observed. We also report the observation of suppression of pressure-induced wing absorption into the three-photon state observed in a classic ``hybrid'' resonance mode of excitation.

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Effects of four-wave mixing on four-photon resonance excitation and ionization in the presence of a three-photon intermediate state resonance enhancement

M. G. Payne, J. C. Miller, Roger C. Hart +1 more

We consider effects which occur when four-wave sum frequency generation and multiphoton ionization are induced by lasers tuned near a three-photon resonance and simultaneously near or at a dipole allowed four-photon resonance. In studies with unfocused laser beams, if the phase mismatch of the generated four-wave-mixing field is large and the related two-photon resonance for the absorption of a four-wave-mixing photon and a laser photon results in strong absorption of the four-wave-mixing field, a coherent cancellation occurs between the pumping of the resonance by two- and four-photon processes. This interference effect occurs when the first laser is tuned on either side of the three-photon resonance and \ensuremath{\Vert}\ensuremath{\Delta}${\mathit{k}}_{\mathit{r}}$L\ensuremath{\Vert}\ensuremath{\gg}1, where \ensuremath{\Delta}${\mathit{k}}_{\mathit{r}}$ is the mismatch and L is the length of the path of the laser beams in the gas. With focused laser beams large differences occur between ionization with unidirectional beams and with counterpropagating laser beams when \ensuremath{\Vert}\ensuremath{\Delta}${\mathit{k}}_{\mathit{r}}$b\ensuremath{\Vert}\ensuremath{\gg}1, where b is the confocal parameter of the focused laser beams. Strong absorption of the four-wave-mixing field is shown not to be necessary for strong destructive interference with focused laser beams when the phase mismatch is large. This work also suggests an explanation for earlier experiments where the presence of a four-photon resonance enabled the generation of third-harmonic light in a positively dispersive wavelength region. We argue that this process can occur when the laser used to achieve the four-photon resonance is focused on the small z (z is the coordinate in the direction of propagation) side of the focal point of the laser responsible for the third-harmonic generation. In this way the absorption of the third-harmonic light on one side of the focal point is made much stronger than on the other side. Correspondingly, contributions to the third-harmonic field from the two sides of the focal point are unequal and cannot undergo complete destructive interference as would otherwise occur in a positively dispersive region.

Physical Review A•Dec 1, 1991•19 citations

Coherent control in four-photon excitation schemes

Natalia E. Karapanagioti, D. Xenakis, Dimitrios Charalambidis +1 more

We report the observation of coherent control of the ionization rate in four-photon resonant, five-photon ionization schemes in Kr and Xe. The intermediate resonance is excited via different interfering channels involving four-photon absorption of the fundamental laser frequency ( ionization) as well as one third harmonic and one fundamental frequency photon absorption ( excitation), a particular aspect of the scheme being that interference occurs at a virtual level. By varying the relative phase of the two electromagnetic fields, a large modulation depth has been observed which is due to the chosen non-linear excitation scheme. In the Xe excitation experiment the interference between the different channels could be additionally probed through the modulation of the third-harmonic signal.

Journal of Physics B Atomic Molecular and Optical Physics•Aug 28, 1996•33 citations
Partial cancellation of the ionization signal in the four-photon-resonant five-photon ionization via J=2 4f and 5f resonances in Xe has been observed at increased gas pressures. Experiments with one and two counterpropagating laser beams provide strong evidence that cancellation is due to destructive interference at the three-photon step between the coherent three- and one-photon excitation channels, the latter involving one vacuum ultraviolet photon of the third-harmonic generation that occurs above the 6s[3/2]1o{]}_{1}^{\mathit{o}}]1o​ state. The well-known destructive interference for the ``on-resonance'' case is now shown to occur also for large detuning from the resonance (up to 2000 cm\ensuremath−1{\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}cm\ensuremath−1) probed by four-photon-resonant five-photon ionization. This type of cancellation may provide a new insight in interference effects involved in multiphoton-excitation processes.
Partial cancellation of the ionization signal in the four-photon-resonant five-photon ionization via J = 2 4f and 5f resonances in Xe has been observed at increased gas pressures. Experiments with one and two counterpropagating laser beams provide strong evidence that cancellation is due to destructive interference at the three-photon step between the coherent three- and one-photon excitation channels, the latter involving one vacuum ultraviolet photon of the third-harmonic generation that occurs above the 6s[3/2]1o state. The well-known destructive interference for the ''on-resonance'' case is now shown to occur also for large detuning from the resonance (up to 2000 cm-1) probed by four-photon-resonant five-photon ionization. This type of cancellation may provide new insight in interference effects involved in multiphoton-excitation processes.
The destructive interference between the three-photon and the third-harmonic one-photon absorption in the vicinity of the 6s[3/2]1{]}_{1}]1​ state of Xe has been studied in the resonantly enhanced multiphoton ionization via nf states, through the cancellation of the nf, J=2 resonances of the spectrum, accessible by four-photon absorption. The gas-pressure, i.e., phase-matching, dependence of the three-photon detuning range from the 6s[3/2]1{]}_{1}]1​ state for which cancellation occurs has been investigated in one- and two-color experiments, including positive detuning from this state in positively dispersive regions. For obtaining cancellation, the theoretically predicted requirement of optically thick medium at the third-harmonic frequency is corroborated by present observations for negative detunings. The different cancellation behavior of the nf[3/2]2{]}_{2}]2​ and nf[5/2]2{]}_{2}]2​ states observed indicates the dependence of the effect on the atomic parameters of the coupled four-photon resonance. The experimental results are found to be in partial agreement with existing theoretical models.
Three-photon excitation of a dipole-allowed atomic transition in rare gases is cancelled at an elevated gas pressure due to the well-known destructive interference of the three- and one-photon transition amplitudes in resonant atomic excitation. This cancellation effect is independent of laser light intensity, but is strongly modified in the presence of counterpropagating light. It has been shown that under three-photon resonant pumping at 1010 W cm−2 the multiphoton ionization through the cancelled 6s[3/2] J = 1 resonance of xenon can be initiated by counterpropagating light with an intensity as low as 103 W cm−2, which is by many orders of magnitude less than normally required for the onset of multiphoton excitation and ionization processes in rare gases. Some peculiarities of such triggered multiphoton ionization are discussed.
We use resonance ionization involving two colors in single-pass and retroreflected geometries to study the suppression of excitation of a four-photon resonance by an interference involving four-wave sum-frequency generation occurring near an intermediate three-photon resonance. The 6p[1/2](J=0) state of xenon is excited by three blue photons plus one infrared photon. One beam, focused to I1{\mathit{I}}_{1}I1​\ensuremath{\simeq}7\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}109{10}^{9}109 W/cm2{\mathrm{cm}}^{2}cm2, is nearly three-photon resonant with the 6s[3/2](J=1) resonance; the second, unfocused beam (I2{\mathit{I}}_{2}I2​\ensuremath{\simeq}2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}107{10}^{7}107 W/cm2{\mathrm{cm}}^{2}cm2) is tuned to maintain exact four-photon resonance with the 6p[1/2](J=1) state. One additional blue photon ionizes from the four-photon level. Third-harmonic light is generated by the first, nearly three-photon-resonant beam by four-wave sum-frequency mixing. One third-harmonic photon plus one photon from the second laser form a second excitation pathway to the four-photon level; destructive interference between the two pathways results in a reduction in the observed ionization. The degree of reduction depends on the xenon density and the detuning (both positive and negative) from three-photon resonance. This interference may be overcome by retroreflecting the nearly three-photon-resonant beam to provide an additional excitation pathway which generates no third harmonic.The study provides detailed information on the pressure-dependent range from exact resonance over which the familiar three-photon cancellation effect is operative; it shows that the interference occurs in high- and low-energy regions about three-photon resonance; and it establishes that interference is produced for large values of the phase mismatch even if the absorption of the interfering field is low. We compare our measurements of the reduction in ionization with predictions published by us elsewhere [M. G. Payne, J. C. Miller, R. C. Hart, and W. R. Garrett, Phys. Rev. A 44, 7684 (1991)]; excellent agreement is observed. We also report the observation of suppression of pressure-induced wing absorption into the three-photon state observed in a classic ``hybrid'' resonance mode of excitation.
We consider effects which occur when four-wave sum frequency generation and multiphoton ionization are induced by lasers tuned near a three-photon resonance and simultaneously near or at a dipole allowed four-photon resonance. In studies with unfocused laser beams, if the phase mismatch of the generated four-wave-mixing field is large and the related two-photon resonance for the absorption of a four-wave-mixing photon and a laser photon results in strong absorption of the four-wave-mixing field, a coherent cancellation occurs between the pumping of the resonance by two- and four-photon processes. This interference effect occurs when the first laser is tuned on either side of the three-photon resonance and \ensuremath{\Vert}\ensuremath{\Delta}kr{\mathit{k}}_{\mathit{r}}kr​L\ensuremath{\Vert}\ensuremath{\gg}1, where \ensuremath{\Delta}kr{\mathit{k}}_{\mathit{r}}kr​ is the mismatch and L is the length of the path of the laser beams in the gas. With focused laser beams large differences occur between ionization with unidirectional beams and with counterpropagating laser beams when \ensuremath{\Vert}\ensuremath{\Delta}kr{\mathit{k}}_{\mathit{r}}kr​b\ensuremath{\Vert}\ensuremath{\gg}1, where b is the confocal parameter of the focused laser beams. Strong absorption of the four-wave-mixing field is shown not to be necessary for strong destructive interference with focused laser beams when the phase mismatch is large. This work also suggests an explanation for earlier experiments where the presence of a four-photon resonance enabled the generation of third-harmonic light in a positively dispersive wavelength region. We argue that this process can occur when the laser used to achieve the four-photon resonance is focused on the small z (z is the coordinate in the direction of propagation) side of the focal point of the laser responsible for the third-harmonic generation. In this way the absorption of the third-harmonic light on one side of the focal point is made much stronger than on the other side. Correspondingly, contributions to the third-harmonic field from the two sides of the focal point are unequal and cannot undergo complete destructive interference as would otherwise occur in a positively dispersive region.
We report the observation of coherent control of the ionization rate in four-photon resonant, five-photon ionization schemes in Kr and Xe. The intermediate resonance is excited via different interfering channels involving four-photon absorption of the fundamental laser frequency ( ionization) as well as one third harmonic and one fundamental frequency photon absorption ( excitation), a particular aspect of the scheme being that interference occurs at a virtual level. By varying the relative phase of the two electromagnetic fields, a large modulation depth has been observed which is due to the chosen non-linear excitation scheme. In the Xe excitation experiment the interference between the different channels could be additionally probed through the modulation of the third-harmonic signal.