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Quantum Electronics

Selective photoionisation of168Yb in an extended optically dense medium

S. K. Borisov, Marina A. Kuzmina, В. А. Мишин

Published Feb 28, 1998• 3 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Mathematical simulation methods are used to optimise of three-stage isotopically selective photoionisation of atoms of the ytterbium-168 isotope. The influence of nonlinear deformation of laser beams is taken into account. It is shown that exact tuning of the laser radiation frequencies to the frequencies of the lines of radiative transitions in the ytterbium-168 atom results in absorption of the laser radiation by atoms of other isotopes and in self-focusing of the laser beams. Introduction of a two-photon detuning reduces considerably the influence of the absorption and self-focusing. A determination is reported of the two-photon detuning, and of the dimensions and the spatial distribution of the power in the laser beam required to ensure that the absorption and nonlinear self-focusing of laser beams do not reduce significantly the ionisation efficiency.

DOI
10.1070/qe1998v028n02abeh001151

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Laser Physics•Apr 16, 2013•1 citation
Mathematical simulation methods are used to optimise of three-stage isotopically selective photoionisation of atoms of the ytterbium-168 isotope. The influence of nonlinear deformation of laser beams is taken into account. It is shown that exact tuning of the laser radiation frequencies to the frequencies of the lines of radiative transitions in the ytterbium-168 atom results in absorption of the laser radiation by atoms of other isotopes and in self-focusing of the laser beams. Introduction of a two-photon detuning reduces considerably the influence of the absorption and self-focusing. A determination is reported of the two-photon detuning, and of the dimensions and the spatial distribution of the power in the laser beam required to ensure that the absorption and nonlinear self-focusing of laser beams do not reduce significantly the ionisation efficiency.
A theoretical investigation is made of the photoionisation of a three-level medium intended for laser isotope separation. The results show that the highest ionisation efficiency can be achieved by dividing the process into two stages: coherent population inversion and photoionisation. A study is made of the possibility of inversion of three-level systems for various detunings of the laser frequencies from the radiative transition frequencies. It is shown that there are detunings for which the population of the third level is maximal for any a priori selected parameters of the medium and field. Such detunings lie near a two-photon resonance and depend on the energy density and duration of the laser pulses, and also on the dipole moments of the transitions. The suitability of this method in the case of inhomogeneously broadened optically dense media is considered. It is shown that the method is most efficient in the case of counterpropagating laser pulses. The efficiency of the method is demonstrated for ytterbium.
A theory is developed of multistage isotopically selective ionisation of ytterbium ions. This theory is based on the rate equations for the level populations and on the transfer equation for the laser line intensities. An analysis of the time characteristics of multistage photoionisation is used to find the optimal laser radiation intensities for different ionisation stages. A multilevel model of multistage photoionisation developed for a natural mixture of isotopes is used to identify the ranges of wavelengths where the photoionisation selectivity is the highest. A mechanism of degradation of a short but powerful laser pulse is considered and the length of an efficiently excited medium is found.
The medium of the three-level Yb atom corresponding to the three-colour, three-step, three-photon scheme of 6 1 S 0 (0 cm -1 ) to 6 3 P 1 (17992008 cm -1 ) to (7/2, 3/2) 2 4f 13 6s 2 6p (35196.98 cm -1 ) to autoionization state (52353 cm -1 ) is chosen to examine the selective photoionization of 168 Yb. The Maxwell-Bloch equation is numerically solved, where the interacting laser pulses are supposed to be collinear and resonant with the transition lines of 168 Yb, and the effects of Doppler broadening and laser bandwidth are incorporated. Firstly, the thin medium dynamics are examined to determine the optimal energy of laser pulses for the selective photoionization of 168 Yb, and to determine Yb isotopes which have a large influence on the excitation of 168 Yb. Secondly, the thick medium dynamics are investigated, resulting in the fact that the laser pulse for the first transition is prominently deformed due to the near-resonant interaction with 171 Yb and 173 Yb, and the ion yield along the propagation of the laser beam is strongly dependent on the initial energy of pulse for the first transition and the time-delay between input pulses.
It is proposed to use a multipass cavity to increase the efficiency of multistage selective photoionisation of atomic vapours. A simple analytic model is used to describe the efficiency of utilisation of radiation in a zero-dimensional cavity filled with a two-level absorbing medium. A numerical calculation is made of the kinetics of multistage selective ionisation of 168 Yb in a zero-dimensional cavity, taking account of 10 energy levels of different isotopes. It is shown that the use of a cavity can increase the yield of the selectively ionised isotope by an order of magnitude.
The selectivity of three-step pulse photo-ionization of atoms versus the detuning delta of exciting radiation frequencies from intermediate resonance is investigated in powerful laser fields where the power broadening of the resonant transitions is at least of the order of isotope shifts. The Doppler broadening of the resonant transitions is taken into account and it is assumed that the sum frequency of both exciting laser radiations is tuned to the line centre of the two-photon transition of a selected isotope. It is shown that in this situation the photo-ionization selectivity increases so greatly with the absolute detuning mod delta mod that even in such strong fields the process of photo-ionization can be highly selective. The optimization of selective photo-ionization of atoms is discussed in connection with the decrease in the selective isotope yield with increase of the absolute detuning mod delta mod . Analytical consideration of selective three-step pulse photo-ionization in powerful laser fields, based on the density matrix formalism, is presented together with the results of numerical simulation of the 40 Ca- 48 Ca laser isotope separation process as an example.
The effective isotope-selective excitation and field ionization of the 16F5/2 thallium Rydberg states have been studied experimentally. The 16F5/2 states were excited by the two-step scheme 6P1/2→6D3/2→nF5/2 in a dense collimated atomic beam by means of monochromatic radiation from two frequency tunable lasers (λ1 = 276.9 nm, λ2 = 773–808 nm) with a mean power density of more than 1 W.The largest selectivity of excitation in this scheme takes place in the first step 6P1/2→6D3/2. The experiments showed that the main reason for the limiting selectivity excitation of the Rydberg states is the field broadening of the absorption resonances at the first and second steps of the excitation scheme. The excitation efficiency of this scheme is considerably governed by the parameters of the laser radiation at the second step and an electric field pulse.