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Advanced materials research

The Information Measurement and Characterization of Polarization Coherent Light Based on Stokes Parameters

Hai Yue Gan, Chun Hui Huang

Published Sep 18, 2013• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Polarization coherent optical information has a wide range of applications in information coding, communication and bioassay. Based on the characteristics of polarization coherent light, we introduced a method to measure and which were used for information coding in continuous variables coherent optical communication in this paper. Then we introduced an experimental technique for getting the information of polarized light by analysizing the intensity distribution of polarization state in polarization speckle, and how to apply this technology in the identification and analysis of biological tissues. By analysizing a Mueller matrix which is used to characterize the coherent information obtained from the measurement of the Stokes parameters, we can get some properties of biological tissues.

DOI
10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.760-762.306

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•Jan 1, 2006•0 citations
Polarization coherent optical information has a wide range of applications in information coding, communication and bioassay. Based on the characteristics of polarization coherent light, we introduced a method to measure and which were used for information coding in continuous variables coherent optical communication in this paper. Then we introduced an experimental technique for getting the information of polarized light by analysizing the intensity distribution of polarization state in polarization speckle, and how to apply this technology in the identification and analysis of biological tissues. By analysizing a Mueller matrix which is used to characterize the coherent information obtained from the measurement of the Stokes parameters, we can get some properties of biological tissues.
A concept of polarization entanglement for continuous variables is introduced. For this purpose the Stokes-parameter operators and the associated Poincar\'e sphere, which describe the quantum-optical polarization properties of light, are defined and their basic properties are reviewed. The general features of the Stokes operators are illustrated by evaluation of their means and variances for a range of simple polarization states. Some of the examples show polarization squeezing, in which the variances of one or more Stokes parameters are smaller than the coherent-state value. The main object of the paper is the application of these concepts to bright squeezed light. It is shown that a light beam formed by interference of two orthogonally polarized quadrature-squeezed beams exhibits squeezing in some of the Stokes parameters. Passage of such a primary polarization-squeezed beam through suitable optical components generates a pair of polarization-entangled light beams with the nature of a two-mode squeezed state. Implementation of these schemes using the double-fiber Sagnac interferometer provides an efficient method for the generation of bright nonclassical polarization states. The important advantage of these nonclassical polarization states for quantum communication is the possibility of experimentally determining all of the relevant conjugate variables of both squeezed and entangled fields using only linear optical elements followed by direct detection.
We describe a measuring system for determining the state of polarization of a beam of light in terms of its Stokes parameters. The technique which can be fully automated incorporates a monochromator and single photon counting detection and can thus be applied over a large wavelength range for very weak optical signals. Fourier transformation of the data by an on-line minicomputer allows immediate calculation of the Stokes parameters. We discuss special applications to light emitted from excited atomic systems with and without cylindrical symmetry.
Polarization-sensitive quantum optical coherence tomography (PS-QOCT) is used to image and characterize birefringence effects in biological samples. Entangled photons are generated via spontaneous parametric down-conversion and split into a reference arm and a sample arm of a Mach Zehnder interferometer. Interferometric patterns between two entangled photons reveal information about tissue birefringence. Biological tissue samples are imaged and characterized, and their quantum interference patterns and birefringence profiles are presented.
We discuss a continuous variables method of quantum key distribution employing strongly polarized coherent states of light. The key encoding is performed using the variables known as Stokes parameters, rather than the field quadratures. Their quantum counterpart, the Stokes operators Ŝi ( i =1,2,3), constitute a set of non-commuting operators, being the precision of simultaneous measurements of a pair of them limited by an uncertainty-like relation. Alice transmits a conveniently modulated two-mode coherent state, and Bob randomly measures one of the Stokes parameters of the incoming beam. After performing reconciliation and privacy amplification procedures, it is possible to distill a secret common key. We also consider a non-ideal situation, in which coherent states with thermal noise, instead of pure coherent states, are used for encoding.
We propose an improved scheme to measure the Stokes polarization parameters by making the to-be-measured state evolve unitarily. An optical setup able to implement the scheme is presented theoretically and experimentally. Theoretical results indicate that at least two unitary operators should be employed to determine the Stokes parameters of light with arbitrary degrees of polarization. Compared with the results acquired by a commercial polarimeter, the proposed scheme is used to obtain the Stokes parameters of 13 representative states with degrees of polarization r = 1 and r = 0.5 , experimentally. The fidelity between the two states gained by the above methods is in the range of 0.9802 ± 0.0046 to 1.0000 ± 0.0000 .
In this dissertation, it is realized a study of light polarization and its applications in quantum communications. Initially, the mathematical tools needed for single-photon and coherent states polarization analyses are presented: coherence matrix, Stokes parameters and polarization degree. Following, using numerical simulations, it is presented the variation of the degree of polarization of a single-photon pulse during depolarizing channel propagation. At last, the result of an experiment using coherent states, aiming to measure the degree of polarization after propagation in 200 m optical fiber is presented. The experiment is useful for determination of the parameter of the qubit depolarizing channel model. Since light polarization is easily changed when environment fluctuations are present during fiber propagation, optical schemes able to correct unpredictable polarization changes are studied. Such schemes are employed for error correction in quantum communication systems. Based on already proposed error correction schemes, two new schemes are proposed, one for systems that employs polarization of singlephoton light, and other for systems that employs polarization of two-mode coherent states, being the first active, that is, requiring a control and synchronism protocol, while the second is passive. At last, it is realized a security analysis of a quantum key distribution system, employing the proposed error correction scheme, when the same is under Fuch-Peres-Brandt attack. It is shown that using the proposed error correction scheme the presence of an eavesdropper monitoring the quantum channel is more visible.