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Canadian Journal of Physics

Inverse Raman scattering and the 3 dB noise limit of a fiber Raman amplifier

Rogers H. Stolen

Published Jan 1, 2000• 5 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The fundamental 3 dB noise limit of a fiber Raman amplifier can be understood by a combination of Raman–Stokes gain from zero point fluctuations of the electromagnetic field, anti-Stokes absorption, and Stokes and anti-Stokes generation by zero-point fluctuations of the glass.PACS NO.: 42.55Ye
DOI
10.1139/cjp-78-5-6-391

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Using the semiclassical approach the gain and noise powers, associated to signal and, generated in optical Raman amplifiers, are estimated for forward and backward configurations. Because it combines a corpuscular approach to a phase-amplitude description of the optical field and of the associated noise, this classical formalism allows to identify, to distinguish and to evaluate the respective noise contributions linked, first, to incident fields, such as input zero-point fluctuations, and relative intensity noise associated to the pump, and to the amplifier itself due to the electron momentum fluctuations at the optical frequency. The contribution of Rayleigh backscattering and pump depletion effects are taken into account. For both configurations, the effects of gain and pump power distribution on noise generation are underlined. The determination of the origin and of the amount of intensity noise at the output constitutes a first step toward the amplification of signal with reduced noise amount in Raman amplifiers.
The Raman effect is the inelastic scattering of photons by matter. When a monochromatic light beam (pump beam) propagates in an optical fibre, spon- taneous Raman scattering transfers some of the photons to new frequencies. The probability of a photon scattering to a particular frequency shift, depends on that frequency shift, forming a characteristic spectrum. The scattered photons may lose energy (Stokes) or gain energy (anti-Stokes). If the pump beam is linearly polarized, then the polarization of scattered photons may be the same (parallel scattering) or orthogonal (perpendicular scattering). If photons are already present at other frequencies then the probability of scattering to those frequencies is enhanced (stimulated scattering). In this thesis, the equations governing the Raman effect, both in bulk glass and single mode fibre, are restated. The probability of spontaneous scattering (parallel and perpendicular) in an optical fibre has been measured for frequency shifts between 4THz and 58THz. Particular attention has been given to those frequency shifts where the scattering is intrinsically weak. This has identified those frequency shifts where it might be possible to eliminate Raman noise from experiments designed to generate quantum states of light in optical fibres using four wave mixing. From the measured scattering probabilities, the Raman equations can be used to predict the scattering cross-section in bulk glass. The prediction is found to be in reasonable agreement with measurements of the bulk glass cross-section published by other authors. By increasing the pump power, the transition to stimulated scattering has been observed. In the case of Stokes scattering there is reasonable agreement between the Raman equations and experimental observations. In the case of anti-Stokes scattering, and in the limit of very high pump power, behaviour is observed which is not predicted by the Raman equations, indicating that other processes must be included to successfully describe such experiments.