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Chinese Physics Letters

Dynamical Equations for Quantum Information and Application in Information Channel

Bi Qiao, Xing Xiu-San, Harry E. Ruda

Published Jun 16, 2005• 5 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We establish several dynamical equations for quantum information density. It is demonstrated that quantum information density shares the same formalism of the Liouville equation, subdynamics kinetic equation and Fokker–Planck equation as the density operator and also possesses the superposition property. These allow one to use quantum information density directly to model quantum information. The kinetic equations for quantum information density reveal that the dynamical process of quantum information may be related to dissipative, Markovian, or diffusional information flows, together causing irreversibility. Finally, we discuss superposition of quantum information density, which allows us to construct a quantum information channel in the coherent state representation using harmonic oscillator based encoded quantum information, and obtain a formula for quantum dynamical mutual information.

DOI
10.1088/0256-307x/22/7/016

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We establish several dynamical equations for quantum information density. It is demonstrated that quantum information density shares the same formalism of the Liouville equation, subdynamics kinetic equation and Fokker–Planck equation as the density operator and also possesses the superposition property. These allow one to use quantum information density directly to model quantum information. The kinetic equations for quantum information density reveal that the dynamical process of quantum information may be related to dissipative, Markovian, or diffusional information flows, together causing irreversibility. Finally, we discuss superposition of quantum information density, which allows us to construct a quantum information channel in the coherent state representation using harmonic oscillator based encoded quantum information, and obtain a formula for quantum dynamical mutual information.
Starting from the quantum Fokker–Planck equation, a viable quantum Gaussian channel is constructed in a quantum information network. It is shown that the solution of this equation satisfies a Gaussian distribution channel. Transforming the solution of the Fokker–Planck equation and substituting it into the information formula, a quantum dynamical mutual information equation is obtained in the coherent state representation. On the basis of this equation, a new scheme is proposed to implement parallel quantum information processing in the quantum Gaussian channel. The proposed scheme takes the coefficients related to the encryption states of photons as the signal, and encodes the information that will be passed in the quantum Gaussian channel from the input terminal. Information is then accessed by extracting and decoding the coefficients from the output terminal. Compared with a classical Gaussian channel, this approach offers the advantage of quantum parallelism.
Abstract This chapter introduces the density operator and the Liouville equation and outlines how reduced dynamical description of open quantum systems naturally leads to the appearance of relaxation processes. (1) The density operator and the quantum Liouville equation (the density matrix for a pure system, statistical mixtures, representations, coherences, thermodynamic equilibrium). (2) An example: The time evolution of a two-level system in the density matrix formalism. (3) Reduced descriptions. (4) Time evolution equations for reduced density operators: The quantum master equation (projection operators, The Nakajima–Zwanzig equation, Derivation of the quantum master equation using the thermal projector, The quantum master equation in the interaction representation, The Markovian limit—the Redfield equation, The secular approximation and the Lindblad equation). (5) The Lindblad equation in the ‘Heisenberg representation’. (6) Relaxation of a two-level system and a harmonic oscillator revisited. (7) The optically driven two-level system in a thermal environment—the Bloch equations. (8) The oscillating dipole model of a two-level molecule. (9) Analogy of a coupled two-level system to a spin ½ system in a magnetic field.
Presented is a study of quantum entanglement from the perspective of the theory of quantum information dynamics. We consider pairwise entanglement and present an analytical development using joint ladder operators, the sum of two single-particle fermionic ladder operators. This approach allows us to write down analytical representations of quantum algorithms and to explore quantum entanglement as it is manifested in a system of qubits.;We present a topological representation of quantum logic that views entangled qubit spacetime histories (or qubit world lines) as a generalized braid, referred to as a super-braid. The crossing of world lines may be either classical or quantum mechanical in nature, and in the latter case most conveniently expressed with our analytical expressions for entangling quantum gates. at a quantum mechanical crossing, independent world lines can become entangled. We present quantum skein relations that allow complicated superbraids to be recursively reduced to alternate classical histories. If the superbraid is closed, then one can decompose the resulting superlink into an entangled superposition of classical links. Also, one can compute a superlink invariant, for example the Jones polynomial for the square root of a knot.;We present measurement-based quantum computing based on our joint number operators. We take expectation values of the joint number operators to determine kinetic-level variables describing the quantum information dynamics in the qubit system at the mesoscopic scale. We explore the issue of reversibility in quantum maps at this scale using a quantum Boltzmann equation. We then present an example of quantum information processing using a qubit system comprised of nuclear spins. We also discuss quantum propositions cast in terms of joint number operators.;We review the well known dynamical equations governing superfluidity, with a focus on self-consistent dynamics supporting quantum vortices in a Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC). Furthermore, we review the mutual vortex-vortex interaction and the consequent Kelvin wave instability. We derive an effective equation of motion for a Fermi condensate that is the basis of our qubit representation of superfluidity.;We then present our quantum lattice gas representation of a superfluid. We explore aspects of our model with two qubits per point, referred to as a Q2 model, particularly its usefulness for carrying out practical quantum fluid simulations. We find that it is perhaps the simplest yet most comprehensive model of superfluid dynamics. as a prime application of Q2, we explore the power-law regions in the energy spectrum of a condensate in the low-temperature limit. We achieved the largest quantum simulations to date of a BEC and, for the first time, Kolmogorov scaling in superfluids, a flow regime heretofore only obtainably by classical turbulence models.;Finally, we address the subject of turbulence regarding information conservation on the small scales (both mesoscopic and microscopic) underlying the flow dynamics on the large hydrodynamic (macroscopic) scale. We present a hydrodynamic-level momentum equation, in the form of a Navier-Stokes equation, as the basis for the energy spectrum of quantum turbulence at large scales. Quantum turbulence, in particular the representation of fluid eddies in terms of a coherent structure of polarized quantum vortices, offers a unique window into the heretofore intractable subject of energy cascades.
Time evolution of the expectation values of various dynamical operators of the harmonic oscillator with dissipation is analitically obtained within the framework of the Lindblad theory for open quantum systems. We deduce the density matrix of the damped harmonic oscillator from the solution of the Fokker-Planck equation for the coherent state representation, obtained from the master equation for the density operator. The Fokker-Planck equation for the Wigner distribution function, subject to either the Gaussian type or the δδδ-function type of initial conditions, is also solved by using the Wang-Uhlenbeck method. The obtained Wigner functions are two-dimensional Gaussians with different widths.
There are several damping phenomena in quantum optics.Such phenomena have been usually explained by open systems.In statistical physics, open system dynamics have been used to study the irreversibility and the approach to equilibrium.In this paper the dynamical change of the mutual entropy is discussed for a model of quantum Markov chain.The concrete Stinespring's expression for this model is obtained and applied to the derivation of the mutual entropy, and some computational results are presented.