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Physical Review A

Nondegenerate two-mode squeezing and quantum-nondemolition measurements using three-level atoms in a cavity

J.-Ph. Poizat, Matthew J. Collett, Daniel F. Walls

Published Apr 1, 1992• 34 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We consider two modes of the electromagnetic field interacting via a three-level atom in a ladder configuration. We calculate the squeezing spectra of the sum and difference of the two output beams. The usefulness of this system as a quantum-nondemolition-measurement scheme is analyzed and a prediction is made using the parameters of a recent experiment by Grangier et al. [Phys. Rev. Lett. 66, 1418 (1991)]. We use a full three-level model in the most general case and in particular the influence of both the one-photon and the two-photon detunings are investigated.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.45.5171

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We consider two modes of the electromagnetic field interacting via a three-level atom in a ladder configuration. We calculate the squeezing spectra of the sum and difference of the two output beams. The usefulness of this system as a quantum-nondemolition-measurement scheme is analyzed and a prediction is made using the parameters of a recent experiment by Grangier et al. [Phys. Rev. Lett. 66, 1418 (1991)]. We use a full three-level model in the most general case and in particular the influence of both the one-photon and the two-photon detunings are investigated.
We show that three-level atoms excited by two cavity modes in a Lambda configuration close to electromagnetically induced transparency can produce strongly squeezed bright beams or correlated beams which can be used for quantum nondemolition measurements. The input intensity is the experimental "knob" for tuning the system into a squeezer or a quantum nondemolition device. The quantum correlations become ideal at a critical point characterized by the appearance of a switching behavior in the mean fields intensities. Our predictions, based on a realistic fully quantum three-level model including cavity losses and spontaneous emission, allow direct comparison with future experiments.
We present a theoretical study of the quantum non-demolition (QND) measurement of an optical intensity in an atomic three-level system, using a quantum linear response theory recently developed. The principle of this scheme is to use the two-photon crossed-phase- modulation effect, in order to couple the quantum intensity fluctuations of the `signal' beam to the quantum phase fluctuations of the `meter' beam. The predictions of the complete theory are compared with recent experimental results using a sodium atomic beam, which include the observation of both squeezing and QND effects.
The squeezing spectrum for a cavity field mode interacting with an ensemble of three-level ``\ensuremath{\Lambda}-configuration'' atoms by an effective two-photon transition is calculated. The advantage of the three-level \ensuremath{\Lambda} system as a squeezing medium, that is, optical nonlinearity without atomic saturation, has recently been pointed out by Reid, Walls, and Dalton. We predict perfect squeezing at the turning points for dispersive optical bistability and good squeezing for a range of other cases. Three-level ladder atoms interacting by an effective two-photon transition are also shown to give perfect squeezing in the dispersive limit.
The interaction of a quantized field with three-level atoms in $\ensuremath{\Lambda}$ configuration inside a two-mode cavity is analyzed in the small-noise approximation. The atoms are in a two-photon detuning with respect to the carriers of the field. We calculate the stationary quadrature noise spectrum of the field outside the cavity in the case where the input probe field is a squeezed state and the input pump field is a coherent state. The mean value of the field is unaltered in all the analysis: the atoms shows electromagnetically induced transparency. The effect of the atoms' base level decoherence in the cavity output field is also studied. It is found that the output field is very sensitive to two-photon detuning.
We consider squeezing of the electromagnetic field resulting from the interaction of the three-level ssV-shaped atom with two modes initially taken in coherent-state representation. We also consider higher-order squeezing in the sense of Hong and Mandel [Phys. Rev. Lett. 54, 323 (1985)] and then in the sense of Hillery [Phys. Rev. A 36, 3796 (1987)]. We calculate the two-mode squeezing proposed in [J. Mod. Opt. 34, 709 (1987)] and the sum squeezing defined by Hillery [Phys. Rev. A 40, 3147 (1989)] for an atom starting initially at its ground state.
We present the dynamics of nondegenerate as well as degenerate two-photon processes in a three-level Rydberg atom interacting with the eigenmodes of an ideal cavity. For large one-photon detuning, the results are compared with those obtained from an effective Hamiltonian and are found to be mostly different. However, for atom–field interaction times that are comparable with that in the two-photon micromaser experiment, the two models give similar results. We also discuss the time evolution of squeezing in the individual fields in the non-degenerate case. If the two modes are of frequencies ωf + ɛ and ωf − ɛ with ɛ ≪ ωf, the radiation field can be represented by a wave of frequency ωf with amplitudes modulated at ɛ. We find squeezing in the dynamical evolution of these amplitudes.