Observation of anyonic thermodynamics and generalized Pauli principle
Fansu Wei, Chi Zhang, Z Zhenyu Ye +4 more
Anyons are quasiparticles with quantum statistics interpolating between those of bosons and fermions. Two distinct manifestations of anyonic behaviour have been theoretically established: fractional exchange statistics where particle exchange can produce any phase, and generalized exclusion statistics which extends the Pauli exclusion principle. While anyons exhibiting fractional exchange statistics have been observed in diverse platforms, experimental realizations of generalized exclusion statistics and direct measurements of its thermodynamic signatures have remained elusive. Here, we realize an anyonic thermodynamic ensemble obeying generalized exclusion statistics and detect its anyonic thermodynamics in a one-dimensional strongly interacting quantum gas. To achieve this, we exploit the bijective mapping between dynamical and statistical interactions in one dimension. By tuning interaction strength and temperature over a wide range, we measure the equation of state and identify clear departures from Bose-Einstein and Fermi-Dirac statistics. These deviations are quantitatively captured by generalized exclusion statistics, providing direct evidence for the generalized Pauli principle. Independent probes of other thermodynamic quantities including pressure and the Tan contact further validate this framework. Our results establish a versatile platform for engineering anyonic exclusion statistics and open the door to thermodynamic applications of anyons in quantum technologies.
arXiv:2606.19009•Jun 17, 2026•0 citations