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Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE

Population dynamics of Yb isotopes interacting with laser radiation resonant with transition lines of 168 Yb

Jongmin Lee, A. S. Choe, Yongjoo Rhee, Marina A. Kuzmina, В. А. Мишин

Published May 10, 1996• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

A three-color, three-step, three-photon ionization scheme is chosen to examine the population dynamics and photoionization of isotopes in Yb media in the framework of the Maxwell-Bloch equation for the case where the laser frequencies are resonant on the transition lines of 168Yb. It is revealed that the scheme can be used for the effective photoionization of 168Yb, resulting in a selectivity of about 100%.

DOI
10.1117/12.239778

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Journal of the Optical Society of America B•Nov 18, 2020•24 citations
A three-color, three-step, three-photon ionization scheme is chosen to examine the population dynamics and photoionization of isotopes in Yb media in the framework of the Maxwell-Bloch equation for the case where the laser frequencies are resonant on the transition lines of 168Yb. It is revealed that the scheme can be used for the effective photoionization of 168Yb, resulting in a selectivity of about 100%.
The medium of the three-level Yb atom corresponding to the three-colour, three-step, three-photon scheme of 6 1 S 0 (0 cm -1 ) to 6 3 P 1 (17992008 cm -1 ) to (7/2, 3/2) 2 4f 13 6s 2 6p (35196.98 cm -1 ) to autoionization state (52353 cm -1 ) is chosen to examine the selective photoionization of 168 Yb. The Maxwell-Bloch equation is numerically solved, where the interacting laser pulses are supposed to be collinear and resonant with the transition lines of 168 Yb, and the effects of Doppler broadening and laser bandwidth are incorporated. Firstly, the thin medium dynamics are examined to determine the optimal energy of laser pulses for the selective photoionization of 168 Yb, and to determine Yb isotopes which have a large influence on the excitation of 168 Yb. Secondly, the thick medium dynamics are investigated, resulting in the fact that the laser pulse for the first transition is prominently deformed due to the near-resonant interaction with 171 Yb and 173 Yb, and the ion yield along the propagation of the laser beam is strongly dependent on the initial energy of pulse for the first transition and the time-delay between input pulses.
The population inversion in a three-level atomic system, interacting with two coherent laser pulses, occurs from the first level to the third level at the optimal detunings of the laser frequencies near the two-photon resonance. An examination is performed to see whether the energy density and time-delay of the photoionizing laser can significantly influence the ion yield for the case where the atom interacts with two coherent pulses and one photoionizing pulse incoherently coupled. The well-known three-colour, three-step, three-photon ionization scheme, which is available for the selective photoionization of 168Yb, is chosen for use in this research with the Bloch equation. It is revealed that the proper time-delay and energy density enable us to achieve higher efficiency for the selective photoionization of 168Yb, regardless of the Doppler-broadening, though the efficiency and selectivity of coherent excitation are prominently enhanced by applying the optimal detunings.
Selective photoionization of ytterbium isotope is studied numerically based on a three-step photoionization scheme, 4f146s2 1S0 (0 cm−1) → 4f146s6p 3P1 (17992.008 cm−1) → (4f136s26p) (7/2, 3/2)2 (35196.98 cm−1) → auto-ionization state (52353 cm−1) → Yb+, by the density matrix theory with the consideration of atomic hyperfine structures and magnetic sublevels. To examine the physical model, the numerical isotopic abundance of ytterbium is compared with that from mass spectroscopy experiment, showing that they are in good agreement with each other. The excitation process and ionization process of ytterbium, especially for odd isotopes, are discussed and analyzed in detail on this basis. The effects of frequency detuning, power densities, spectral bandwidths, polarization of two excitation lasers, and atomic Doppler broadening on the total ionization yield and isotopic abundance are investigated numerically and the optimal excitation conditions for 176Yb enrichment are identified semi-quantitatively.
Ytterbium enriched in 176Yb is used for the production of the 177Lu radioisotope, which has applications in cancer treatment. We have theoretically studied the two-step resonant, three-step photoionization of the 176Yb isotope using the density-matrix approach. To simulate experimentally realistic conditions, the Doppler averaging, magnetic sublevel degeneracy, time-varying Rabi frequencies, ionization rate, angular divergence, and laser bandwidth have all been incorporated into the theoretical model. Calculations have been carried out to identify the optimized Rabi frequencies for evaluating the separation factor. The effect of the laser line shape on the excitation profile has also been thoroughly studied. We could obtain large separation factors of ~5000 for the 176Yb isotope, and the excitation conditions identified in this work may be utilized in the separation of the desired isotope.
Numerical computations of ionization efficiency and isotope selectivity of 176 L u have been carried out for the following three-step ladder type photoionization scheme, 5 d 6 s 2 2 D 3 / 2 ( 0.0 c m − 1 ) − − − ⟶ 540.4068 n m ⁡ 5 d 6 s 6 p 4 F 5 / 2 o ( 18504.58 c m − 1 ) − − − ⟶ 535.0626 n m 5 d 6 s 7 s 4 D 3 / 2 ( 37193.98 c m − 1 ) − − − ⟶ 618.0061 n m 53375 c m − 1 A u t o i o n i z a t i o n S t a t e → L u + , by invoking the density matrix formalism for the laser–atom interactions. Equations of motion have been derived for the odd isotopes by inclusion of hyperfine levels. The line shapes and their effect on the ionization efficiency and isotope selectivity have been discussed in detail. The effects of power of excitation and ionization lasers, spectral bandwidths, pulse delays, Doppler broadening of the atomic ensemble on the ionization efficiency, and degree of enrichment have been presented. Optimum conditions for the power of excitation, detunings, and other system parameters for the selective yet efficient photoionization of 176 L u have been identified.