© 2026 Aqora Quantum S.A.S.

Terms Privacy Legal Notice

Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics Europe & European Quantum Electronics Conference (CLEO/Europe-EQEC)

Afterpulsing-free 80MHz single-photon detection at 1550 nm using an InGaAs/InP avalanche photodiode operated with sinusoidal gating

Naoto Namekata, Shuichiro Inoue

Published Jun 1, 2007• 2 citations

Abstract

A single-photon detector (SPD) at 1550 nm is essential for quantum key distribution (QKD) based on optical fiber links. A cooled InGaAs/InP avalanche photodiode (APD) is a candidate for the SPD, because it has a high detection efficiency with a low dark count probability. However, the maximum detection speed was very slow (<10 MHz), which is due to the afterpulsing phenomenon. Recently we proposed the sinusoidal gating scheme and demonstrated the high-speed (500-800MHz) single-photon detection with a low afterpulsing probability. In the scheme, the overall afterpulsing probability is somewhat high when the gating frequency is lower than 100MHz. In this paper, we report on the afterpulsing-free (<1%) 80MHz single-photon detection using the sinusoidal gating. The 80MHz mode-locked titanium sapphire laser emits ~90 fs optical pulses at 810 nm. The wavelength of the optical pulses is converted into 1550 nm by the optical parametric oscillator (OPO). The 1550 nm optical pulses (~120 fs) are attenuated to the single-photon level and led to the APD (EPITAXX EPM239BA) cooled to -35 degrees Celsius. The cooled APD was operated with sinusoidal gating.

DOI: 10.1109/cleoe-iqec.2007.4386759

Related papers

15 GHz single-photon detection at telecommunication wavelengths using sinusoidally gated InGaAs/InP avalanche photodiode

Naoto Namekata, S. Adachi, Shuichiro Inoue

We report a telecom-band single-photon detector for gigahertz clocked quantum key distribution systems. The single-photon detector is based on a sinusoidally gated InGaAs/InP avalanche photodiode. The gate repetition frequency of the single-photon detector reached 1.5 GHz. A quantum efficiency of 10.8 % at 1550 nm was obtained with a dark count probability per gate of 6.3 x 10(-7) and an afterpulsing probability of 2.8 %. Moreover, the maximum detection rate of the detector is 20 MHz.

Optics Express•Apr 2, 2009•137 citations

High-Speed Single-Photon Detection Using 2-GHz Sinusoidally Gated InGaAs/InP Avalanche Photodiode

Naoto Namekata, S. Adachi, Shuichiro Inoue

We report a telecom-band single-photon detector for high-speed quantum key distribution systems. The single-photon detector is based on a sinusoidally gated InGaAs/InP avalanche photodiode. The gate repetition frequency of the single-photon detector reached 2 GHz. A quantum efficiency of 10.5 % at 1550 nm was obtained with a dark count probability per gate of 6.1×10− 7 and an afterpulsing probability of 3.4 %.

Quantum Communication and Quantum Networking•Oct 11, 2012•1 citation

High-speed bridge circuit for InGaAs avalanche photodiode single-photon detector

Hirofumi Hashimoto, Akihisa Tomita, Atsushi Okamoto

Because of low power consumption and small footprint, avalanche photodiodes (APD) have been commonly applied to photon detection. Recently, high speed quantum communication has been demonstrated for high bit-rate quantum key distribution. For the high speed quantum communication, photon detectors should operate at GHz-clock frequencies. We propose balanced detection circuits for GHz-clock operation of InGaAs-APD photon detectors. The balanced single photon detector operates with sinusoidal wave gating. The sinusoidal wave appearing in the output is removed by the subtraction from APD signal without sharp band-elimination filters. Omission of the sharp filters removes the constraint on the operating frequency of the single photon detector. We present two designs, one works with two identical APDs, the other with one APD and a low-pass filter. The sinusoidal gating enables to eliminate the gating noise even with the simple configuration of the latter design. We demonstrated the balanced single photon detector operating with 1.020GHz clock at 233 K, 193 K, and 186.5 K. The dark count probability was 4.0 x 10-4 counts/pulse with the quantum efficiency of 10% at 233K, and 1.6 x 10-4 counts/pulse at 186.5 K. These results were obtained with easily available APDs (NR8300FP-C.C, RENESASS) originally developed for optical time-domain reflectmeters.

Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE•Jan 1, 2014•0 citations

High-rate quantum key distribution over 100 km using ultra-low-noise, 2-GHz sinusoidally gated InGaAs/InP avalanche photodiodes

Naoto Namekata, Hiroki Takesue, Toshimori Honjo +2 more

We have demonstrated quantum key distribution (QKD) over 100 km using single-photon detectors based on InGaAs/InP avalanche photodiodes (APDs). We implemented the differential phase shift QKD (DPS-QKD) protocol with electrically cooled and 2-GHz sinusoidally gated APDs. The single-photon detector has a dark count probability of 2.8 × 10(-8) (55 counts per second) with a detection efficiency of 6 %, which enabled us to achieve 24 kbit/s secure key rate over 100 km of optical fiber. The DPS-QKD system offers better performances in a practical way than those achieved using superconducting single-photon detectors. Moreover, the distance that secure keys against the general individual attacks can be distributed has been extended to 160 km.

Optics Express•May 16, 2011•84 citations

High-speed bridge circuit for InGaAs avalanche photodiode single-photon detector

Hirofumi Hashimoto, Akihisa Tomita, Atsushi Okamoto

Because of low power consumption and small footprint, avalanche photodiodes (APD) have been commonly applied to photon detection. Recently, high speed quantum communication has been demonstrated for high bit-rate quantum key distribution. For the high speed quantum communication, photon detectors should operate at GHz-clock frequencies. We propose balanced detection circuits for GHz-clock operation of InGaAs-APD photon detectors. The balanced single photon detector operates with sinusoidal wave gating. The sinusoidal wave appearing in the output is removed by the subtraction from APD signal without sharp band-elimination filters. Omission of the sharp filters removes the constraint on the operating frequency of the single photon detector. We present two designs, one works with two identical APDs, the other with one APD and a low-pass filter. The sinusoidal gating enables to eliminate the gating noise even with the simple configuration of the latter design. We demonstrated the balanced single photon detector operating with 1.020GHz clock at 233 K, 193 K, and 186.5 K. The dark count probability was 4.0 x 10-4 counts/pulse with the quantum efficiency of 10% at 233K, and 1.6 x 10-4 counts/pulse at 186.5 K. These results were obtained with easily available APDs (NR8300FP-C.C, RENESASS) originally developed for optical time-domain reflectmeters.

Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE•Feb 19, 2014•2 citations

Efficient and low-noise single-photon avalanche photodiode for 1244-GHz clocked quantum key distribution

Y. Nambu, Satoshi Takahashi, K. Yoshino +6 more

An efficient and low-noise 1.244-GHz gating InGaAs single-photon avalanche photodiode (SAPD) was developed for a high-speed quantum key distribution (QKD) system. An afterpulsing probability of 0.61% and a dark count probability per gate of 0.71 ×10-6 were obtained at a detection efficiency of 10.9% for 1.55-µm photons. Furthermore, our SAPD successfully coped with high detection efficiency (≤ 25%) and quite low afterpulsing noise (≤ 3% for ≤ 25% efficiency) at the same time. Its potential was verified using the actual QKD setups installed over a metropolitan area network.

Optics Express•Oct 3, 2011•50 citations

A single-photon detector (SPD) at 1550 nm is essential for quantum key distribution (QKD) based on optical fiber links. A cooled InGaAs/InP avalanche photodiode (APD) is a candidate for the SPD, because it has a high detection efficiency with a low dark count probability. However, the maximum detection speed was very slow (<10 MHz), which is due to the afterpulsing phenomenon. Recently we proposed the sinusoidal gating scheme and demonstrated the high-speed (500-800MHz) single-photon detection with a low afterpulsing probability. In the scheme, the overall afterpulsing probability is somewhat high when the gating frequency is lower than 100MHz. In this paper, we report on the afterpulsing-free (<1%) 80MHz single-photon detection using the sinusoidal gating. The 80MHz mode-locked titanium sapphire laser emits ~90 fs optical pulses at 810 nm. The wavelength of the optical pulses is converted into 1550 nm by the optical parametric oscillator (OPO). The 1550 nm optical pulses (~120 fs) are attenuated to the single-photon level and led to the APD (EPITAXX EPM239BA) cooled to -35 degrees Celsius. The cooled APD was operated with sinusoidal gating.

Because of low power consumption and small footprint, avalanche photodiodes (APD) have been commonly applied to photon detection. Recently, high speed quantum communication has been demonstrated for high bit-rate quantum key distribution. For the high speed quantum communication, photon detectors should operate at GHz-clock frequencies. We propose balanced detection circuits for GHz-clock operation of InGaAs-APD photon detectors. The balanced single photon detector operates with sinusoidal wave gating. The sinusoidal wave appearing in the output is removed by the subtraction from APD signal without sharp band-elimination filters. Omission of the sharp filters removes the constraint on the operating frequency of the single photon detector. We present two designs, one works with two identical APDs, the other with one APD and a low-pass filter. The sinusoidal gating enables to eliminate the gating noise even with the simple configuration of the latter design. We demonstrated the balanced single photon detector operating with 1.020GHz clock at 233 K, 193 K, and 186.5 K. The dark count probability was 4.0 x 10-4 counts/pulse with the quantum efficiency of 10% at 233K, and 1.6 x 10-4 counts/pulse at 186.5 K. These results were obtained with easily available APDs (NR8300FP-C.C, RENESASS) originally developed for optical time-domain reflectmeters.

We have demonstrated quantum key distribution (QKD) over 100 km using single-photon detectors based on InGaAs/InP avalanche photodiodes (APDs). We implemented the differential phase shift QKD (DPS-QKD) protocol with electrically cooled and 2-GHz sinusoidally gated APDs. The single-photon detector has a dark count probability of 2.8 × 10(-8) (55 counts per second) with a detection efficiency of 6 %, which enabled us to achieve 24 kbit/s secure key rate over 100 km of optical fiber. The DPS-QKD system offers better performances in a practical way than those achieved using superconducting single-photon detectors. Moreover, the distance that secure keys against the general individual attacks can be distributed has been extended to 160 km.

Because of low power consumption and small footprint, avalanche photodiodes (APD) have been commonly applied to photon detection. Recently, high speed quantum communication has been demonstrated for high bit-rate quantum key distribution. For the high speed quantum communication, photon detectors should operate at GHz-clock frequencies. We propose balanced detection circuits for GHz-clock operation of InGaAs-APD photon detectors. The balanced single photon detector operates with sinusoidal wave gating. The sinusoidal wave appearing in the output is removed by the subtraction from APD signal without sharp band-elimination filters. Omission of the sharp filters removes the constraint on the operating frequency of the single photon detector. We present two designs, one works with two identical APDs, the other with one APD and a low-pass filter. The sinusoidal gating enables to eliminate the gating noise even with the simple configuration of the latter design. We demonstrated the balanced single photon detector operating with 1.020GHz clock at 233 K, 193 K, and 186.5 K. The dark count probability was 4.0 x 10-4 counts/pulse with the quantum efficiency of 10% at 233K, and 1.6 x 10-4 counts/pulse at 186.5 K. These results were obtained with easily available APDs (NR8300FP-C.C, RENESASS) originally developed for optical time-domain reflectmeters.

An efficient and low-noise 1.244-GHz gating InGaAs single-photon avalanche photodiode (SAPD) was developed for a high-speed quantum key distribution (QKD) system. An afterpulsing probability of 0.61% and a dark count probability per gate of 0.71 ×10-6 were obtained at a detection efficiency of 10.9% for 1.55-µm photons. Furthermore, our SAPD successfully coped with high detection efficiency (≤ 25%) and quite low afterpulsing noise (≤ 3% for ≤ 25% efficiency) at the same time. Its potential was verified using the actual QKD setups installed over a metropolitan area network.