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Review of Scientific Instruments

Continuous flow reflux oven as the source of an effusive molecular Cs beam

R. D. Swenumson, Uzi Even

Published Apr 1, 1981• 31 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The design and the operation of a continuous flow reflux (CFR) oven used for the formation of an effusive Cs molecular beam which is compatible with ultrahigh vacuum (10−9 Torr) conditions are described. The CFR oven operation utilizes capillary action to recycle the unused part of the Cs molecular beam. A possibility of extending the principle to supersonic beam pressures is discussed.

DOI
10.1063/1.1136639

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Review of Scientific Instruments•Feb 1, 1977•30 citations
The design and the operation of a continuous flow reflux (CFR) oven used for the formation of an effusive Cs molecular beam which is compatible with ultrahigh vacuum (10−9 Torr) conditions are described. The CFR oven operation utilizes capillary action to recycle the unused part of the Cs molecular beam. A possibility of extending the principle to supersonic beam pressures is discussed.
In the ultracold FIB project a high brightness ion beam is developed for usage in a focused ion beam (FIB) source. This Focused Ion Beam can be used in applications where milling, imaging and deposition at the nanoscale needs to be done with increasing demands on control and resolution. The generation of the ion beam done in three stage principle. The first stage is the generation of the atomic beam and this is the subject of this work. The following stages first transversely cool and compress the atomic beam by using laser cooling techniques and then ionize and accelerate the atoms to form the ion beam. The generation of the atomic beam is done using a Knudsen cell; an effusive oven containing a vapor of rubidium atoms. The pressure difference between the vapor pressure in the oven and the vacuum outside the oven generates a flow of atoms from the oven to the vacuum. Only atoms that have a low transverse velocity can be captured by the laser cooling stage and will attribute to the ion beam. Therefore it is important to minimize the divergence in the beam and to this extent a collimating tube is used to connect the effusive oven to the vacuum system. The collimating tube minimizes beam divergence and compared to other collimating mechanisms it reduces the amount of rubidium loss, therefore greatly increasing the lifetime of the system.In order to measure the transverse velocity distribution, the transverse beam profile and the total flux, Laser-Induced Fluorescence measurements have been performed. These measurements show that the source generates an atomic beam with a particle flux ranging from 107 s-1 at a source temperature of 60 ºC to 1010 s-1 at a source temperature of 160 ºC. The flux is lower than predicted by theory and the transverse velocity distribution is broader than predicted by theory. However, the particle flux is stable within 1% and the installation of an active temperature controller promises to improve this stability even further. In the ultracold FIB project a high brightness ion beam is developed for usage in a focused ion beam (FIB) source. This Focused Ion Beam can be used in applications where milling, imaging and deposition at the nanoscale needs to be done with increasing demands on control and resolution. The generation of the ion beam done in three stage principle. The first stage is the generation of the atomic beam and this is the subject of this work. The following stages first transversely cool and compress the atomic beam by using laser cooling techniques and then ionize and accelerate the atoms to form the ion beam. The generation of the atomic beam is done using a Knudsen cell; an effusive oven containing a vapor of rubidium atoms. The pressure difference between the vapor pressure in the oven and the vacuum outside the oven generates a flow of atoms from the oven to the vacuum. Only atoms that have a low transverse velocity can be captured by the laser cooling stage and will attribute to the ion beam. Therefore it is important to minimize the divergence in the beam and to this extent a collimating tube is used to connect the effusive oven to the vacuum system. The collimating tube minimizes beam divergence and compared to other collimating mechanisms it reduces the amount of rubidium loss, therefore greatly increasing the lifetime of the system.In order to measure the transverse velocity distribution, the transverse beam profile and the total flux, Laser-Induced Fluorescence measurements have been performed. These measurements show that the source generates an atomic beam with a particle flux ranging from 107 s-1 at a source temperature of 60 ºC to 1010 s-1 at a source temperature of 160 ºC. The flux is lower than predicted by theory and the transverse velocity distribution is broader than predicted by theory. However, the particle flux is stable within 1% and the installation of an active temperature controller promises to improve this stability even further.
If a beam is to be produced from a material that is solid or liquid at laboratory temperature, then it must be converted to a vapour in an oven before it passes through the beam-forming impedance. In the reviews mentioned in Section 1.2, the approach has usually been to give details of numerous designs. In this chapter, we discuss the general design principles, and then the next two chapters become more of a reference source for the evaporation of different substances. We thus include the experience of a large number of experimenters who have needed to heat a liquid or solid substance to form it into an atomic or molecular beam. If the material can be evaporated and raised to a temperature to give the required input pressure at the input to the impedance at a temperature less than about 1500 K, it is usual to describe the heating device as an oven. At higher temperatures, the device is usually called a furnace, but the distinction is not really necessary. Hence we will avoid the term except for thermal dissociation of a molecular species, discussed in Chapter 6, when very high temperatures are usually needed, so a furnace is a more appropriate term. For convenience we will also term a completely different approach, namely, the evaporation of the material by direct electron beam heating of the surface (Section 3.2.5) as an oven. ‘Crucible’ is used by many authors interchangeably with ‘oven,’ but it often implies a container for the material to be evaporated that is placed within a heated envelope.
We report the effective slowing and trapping of Cs atoms in an ultrahigh-vacuum apparatus. The heated Cs atoms in an oven are slowed using a Zeeman slower after the oven chamber and then trapped using a magneto-optical trap in a science chamber. Compared to the traditional vacuum pressure of ~10-7 Pa determined by the vapor pressure of Cs atoms in the oven chamber, the designed cold nipple and differential pumping tube are used between the oven and the oven chamber to achieve a lower vacuum pressure of ~3.6×10-9 Pa. This is beneficial for achieving and maintaining an ultrahigh vacuum in the science chamber. We demonstrate the performance of our apparatus through the effective slowing of Cs atoms and an optimal magneto-optical trap.
The authors describe a novel oven to obtain concentrated beams of radioactive atoms. The Orthotropic oven works by ionizing atoms on its interior walls and electrostatically concentrating them on a neutralizer. Once neutralized the atoms can escape from the oven and form a narrow beam. Atoms that fail to escape become ionized again and repeat the cycle. The authors demonstrate the operation of this oven using {sup 221}Fr and compare both the theoretical and experimental efficiency of this source with standard effusive and channeled ovens.