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Physical Review

The Hydrogen Atom in the Stark Effect

Francis G. Slack

Published May 15, 1930• 5 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Characteristics of the hydrogen atom wave function, which show the statistical distribution of electronic charge with respect to the nucleus and electric field, are computed for the first five quantum states. The results are tabulated and are represented graphically for one state as an example. The average coordinates of the electronic charge are also computed and included in the tabulation.

DOI
10.1103/physrev.35.1170

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Acta Physica Sinica•Jan 1, 1991•1 citation
Characteristics of the hydrogen atom wave function, which show the statistical distribution of electronic charge with respect to the nucleus and electric field, are computed for the first five quantum states. The results are tabulated and are represented graphically for one state as an example. The average coordinates of the electronic charge are also computed and included in the tabulation.
As the most basic and abundant atom in the universe, hydrogen atoms have long attracted the interest of scientists and provide the best subject for the exploration of quantum mechanics. This article provides a comprehensive study of the multifaceted characteristics and implications of the hydrogen atom. First, the research deeply studied the basic derivation of the Schrödinger equation of the hydrogen atom and provided the necessary theoretical framework. On this basis, modern computing tools are used to visualize the electron cloud of hydrogen atoms and reveal their shapes and characteristics under different orbits. In addition, the study investigated atomic transitions and associated spectra, elucidating basic quantum transition principles and serving as a benchmark for studying more complex atomic systems. Eventually, the research focus shifted to a specific direction, studying the Stark effect in hydrogen atoms, especially in the n=2 state. This research provides a novel perspective on understanding the fundamental properties of the hydrogen atom and its implications in modern physics research.
In the second of five parts in a series, the Schroedinger equation is solved in paraboloidal coordinates to yield amplitude functions that enable accurate plots of their surfaces to illustrate the variation of shapes and sizes with quantum numbers n1, n2, m, for comparison with the corresponding plots of amplitude functions in coordinates of other systems. A useful property of these functions in paraboloidal coordinates is their application to treat the Stark effect, when a hydrogen atom is placed in an isotropic electric field.
The unique properties of the hydrogen atom, especially those that result from the dynamic symmetry of the 1/r potential, are presented from both classical and quantal points of view. Using these properties as a starting point, the response of a classical hydrogen atom, an electron executing a Keplerian ellipse about a proton, to a weak electric field is described. Because the field is weak, the elliptical orbit may be treated as a dynamical element itself, variations in its shape and orientation depicting the classical Stark effect. The behavior of this orbit is then correlated with the quantum mechanical description of the first-order Stark effect in hydrogen, a subject that is included in most introductory courses in quantum mechanics.
Abstract This chapter reiterates the quantum numbers for atomic orbitals, known from general chemistry, and places them into the context developed so far. It is sketched how the Schrodinger equation (SE) for the hydrogen atom hydrogen-like systems (one electron plus a nucleus of charge Z) is set up. When the nucleus is treated as a fixed point charge, the SE is only for the electron. The solutions of the SE can be obtained by switching to spherical polar coordinates, such that the variables are separable in terms of the electron distance from the nucleus, r, and two angles. The kinetic energy of the electron then has a radial component, and an angular component. The latter is associated with the angular momentum quantum number, which is codified by the letters s, p, d, f, and so forth. A step by step solution of the SE is provided later, in chapter 19.