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Journal of Physics A Mathematical Nuclear and General

Intelligent spin states

Carlos Aragone, G. Guerri, S. Salamó, Junji Tani

Published Oct 11, 1974• 131 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The intelligent spin states are defined as those states which satisfy the Heisenberg equality for the spin operators: Delta J x 2 Delta J y 2 = mod (J z ) mod 2 . The 2j+1 states which behave intelligently in each angular momentum space of spin j are found explicitly. For this purpose the Radcliffe states are used, it is shown that only the real and the pure imaginary Radcliffe states are intelligent. These intelligent states also satisfy the quartic consistency condition. The result, however, does not disagree in principle with the recent claim of Kolodziejczyk and Ryter (1974) that mod mu )= mod 0) is the only state which minimizes the uncertainty product because minimum uncertainty does not necessarily imply intelligence.

DOI
10.1088/0305-4470/7/15/001

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The intelligent spin states are defined as those states which satisfy the Heisenberg equality for the spin operators: Delta J x 2 Delta J y 2 = mod (J z ) mod 2 . The 2j+1 states which behave intelligently in each angular momentum space of spin j are found explicitly. For this purpose the Radcliffe states are used, it is shown that only the real and the pure imaginary Radcliffe states are intelligent. These intelligent states also satisfy the quartic consistency condition. The result, however, does not disagree in principle with the recent claim of Kolodziejczyk and Ryter (1974) that mod mu )= mod 0) is the only state which minimizes the uncertainty product because minimum uncertainty does not necessarily imply intelligence.
The product ( delta s x ) 2 ( delta s y ) 2 is computed where ( delta s x,y ) 2 =(s x,y 2 )-(s x,y ) 2 ; averaging is performed in the coherent spin-state representation given by Radcliffe (1971). After applying the Holstein- Primakoff transformation s - =(2s) 1 2/a Dagger , s + =(2s) 1 2/a and mu = alpha /(2s) 1 2/, and putting s to infinity one proceeds from Radcliffe space into the Glauber space. After this procedure the product ( delta s x ) 2 ( delta s y ) 2 becomes ( delta x) 2 ( delta p) 2 . Using the Jackiw equation it is shown that the function mod mu =0> is the only one which minimizes the uncertainty product, for every s.
The states of linear momentum that satisfy the equality in the Heisenberg uncertainty principle for position and momentum, that is the intelligent states, are also the states that minimize the uncertainty product for position and momentum. The corresponding uncertainty relation for angular momentum and angular position, however, is more complicated and the intelligent states need not be the constrained minimum uncertainty product states. In this paper, we investigate the differences between the intelligent and the constrained minimum uncertainty product states for the angular case by means of instructive approximations, a numerical iterative search and the exact solution. We find that these differences can be quite significant for particular values of angular position uncertainty and indeed may be amenable to experimental measurement with the present technology.
The equality in the uncertainty principle for linear momentum and position is obtained for states which also minimize the uncertainty product. However, in the uncertainty relation for angular momentum and angular position both sides of the inequality are state dependent and therefore the intelligent states, which satisfy the equality, do not necessarily give a minimum for the uncertainty product. In this paper, we highlight the difference between intelligent states and minimum uncertainty states by investigating a class of intelligent states which obey the equality in the angular uncertainty relation while having an arbitrarily large uncertainty product. To develop an understanding for the uncertainties of angle and angular momentum for the large-uncertainty intelligent states we compare exact solutions with analytical approximations in two limiting cases.
The author shows that the measure of angular momentum uncertainty is the invariant ( Delta J) 2 identical to (J 2 )-(J) 2 , rather than sums of products like Delta J 1 Delta J 2 , and that the critical states which minimise Delta J are eigenstates of maximum weight of J.n. They also determine the critical states for the associated groups E(2), O(2,1), O(4) and E(3), and construct coherent O(3) spin states mod z) which are superpositions of normal spin eigenvectors and which tend to the classical limit as mod z mod to infinity .
In this first of a series of papers, a group-theoretic study is presented of the quasi-intelligent states which are a generalization of the intelligent states satisfying equality in the Heisenberg uncertainty relation ΔJ12ΔJ22? (1/4) ‖〈J3〉‖2. A method based on the knowledge of a certain generating function is given for the calculation of matrix elements of polynomials in the infinitesimal generators of the rotation group between quasi-intelligent states. Examples of such computations are also included to exhibit the improvement and efficiency of the present methods.