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Journal of Physics A Mathematical and General

Conformal invariance and critical dynamics

John Cardy

Published Oct 1, 1985• 19 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The author discusses the behaviour of dynamic correlation functions under conformal transformations. In particular the exact form of the dynamic scaling function at the critical point for an arbitrary isotropic two-dimensional model is obtained with either conserved or nonconserved order parameter.
DOI
10.1088/0305-4470/18/14/027

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The critical dynamics of the d-dimensional semi-infinite systems is studied at bulk critical temperature. As a result of the conformal invariance, the dynamic response and correlation functions depend only on the 'real' distance r, the 'image' distance r and the time t (mirror theory). Assuming the non-conserved order parameter with O(n) symmetry, the authors evaluate the response and correlation functions exactly in the large-n limit and also to first order in epsilon =4-d. The authors' results satisfy the mirror theory for the various types of the phase transitions including the ordinary, special, anisotropic special and extraordinary transitions.
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We present an overview of the effects of detailed-balance violating perturbations on the universal static and dynamic scaling behavior near a critical point. It is demonstrated that the standard critical dynamics universality classes are generally quite robust: In systems with nonconserved order parameter, detailed balance is effectively restored at criticality. This also holds for models with conserved order parameter, and isotropic nonequilibrium perturbations. Genuinely novel features are found only for models with conserved order parameter and spatially anisotropic noise correlations.
The explicit calculation of the scaling form of the two-time autocorrelation function in phase-ordering kinetics and in those cases of non-equilibrium critical dynamics where the dynamical exponent z = 2 through the extension of dynamical scaling to local scale invariance is reviewed. Conceptually, this mainly requires an extension from the usually considered d -dimensional ageing or Schrödinger algebras to a new kind of representation of the conformal algebra in d + 2 dimensions. Explicit tests in several exactly solved models of simple magnets and through simulations in the 2D Ising and q -states Potts models ( q = 2, 3, 8) quenched to T < T c are presented and the extension to systems with non-equilibrium steady states is discussed through two exactly solvable models as well. In the context of surface growth models, possible generalizations for a dynamical exponent z = 4 and beyond are discussed.
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In situations such as phase ordering or non-equilibrium critical dynamics, the two-time autoresponse function scales as R(t,s)approxs−1−aF2(t/s)R(t,s)\\approx s^{-1-a} F_2(t/s)R(t,s)approxs−1−aF2​(t/s), where aaa is a known exponent. For any value of the dynamical exponent zzz, we argue that this dynamical scaling can be extended towards conformal invariance. Thus the scaling function F2F_2F2​ is determined. This prediction is confirmed by several examples, both for T<TcT<T_cT<Tc​ and at T=TcT=T_cT=Tc​: the two- and three-dimensional kinetic Ising model with Glauber dynamics is studied numerically, while exact results are available for the kinetic spherical model with a non-conserved order parameter, both for short-ranged and long-ranged interactions, as well as for the mean-field spherical spin glass.