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Europhysics Letters (EPL)

A reflection grating for atoms at normal incidence

Arnaud Landragin, Laurent Cognet, G. Horváth, Christoph Ira Westbrook, Nathalie Westbrook, Alain Aspect

Published Sep 1, 1997• 20 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We have observed efficient atomic diffraction at normal incidence on an evanescent standing wave with a very weak spatial modulation. A modulation as small as 1.5% causes 66% of the atoms to be diffracted into the orders ±1. The measured diffraction efficiencies agree quantitatively with a scalar treatment of diffraction in the thin phase grating approximation.

DOI
10.1209/epl/i1997-00381-x

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We have observed efficient atomic diffraction at normal incidence on an evanescent standing wave with a very weak spatial modulation. A modulation as small as 1.5% causes 66% of the atoms to be diffracted into the orders ±1. The measured diffraction efficiencies agree quantitatively with a scalar treatment of diffraction in the thin phase grating approximation.
We present a semiclassical perturbation method for the description of atomic diffraction by a weakly modulated potential. It proceeds in a way similar to the treatment of light diffraction by a thin phase grating, and consists in calculating the atomic wavefunction by means of action integrals along the classical trajectories of the atoms in the absence of the modulated part of the potential. The capabilities and the validity condition of the method are illustrated on the well-known case of atomic diffraction by a Gaussian standing wave. We prove that in this situation the perturbation method is equivalent to the Raman-Nath approximation, and we point out that the usually-considered Raman-Nath validity condition can lead to inaccuracies in the evaluation of the phases of the diffraction amplitudes. The method is also applied to the case of an evanescent wave reflection grating, and an analytical expression for the diffraction pattern at any incidence angle is obtained for the first time. Finally, the application of the method to other situations is briefly discussed.
Realization of the analogues of optical components for the manipulation of atomic de Broglie waves has recently become possible through the use of laser-based techniques. The strong fields generated by laser light have already been used to reflect atoms using travelling evanescent waves, and to diffract atomic beams through small angles using transmission gratings formed by a standing laser light wave in vacuo. Present experiments aim to combine these techniques to produce a reflection diffraction grating formed by a standing evanescent laser-light field, and to exploit the larger diffraction angles made possible theoretically by such a scheme.
After a brief introduction to the field of atom optics and to atomic mirrors, we present experimental results obtained in our group during the last two years while studying the reflection of rubidium atoms by an evanescent wave. These involve the first measurement of the van der Waals force between an atom in its ground state and a dielectric wall, as well as the demonstration of a reflection grating for atoms at normal incidence. We also consider the influence of quantum reflection and tunnelling phenomena. Further studies using the atomic mirror as a probe of the van der Waals interaction, and of very small surface roughness are briefly discussed.
Abstract. — We present a semiclassical perturbation method for the description of atomic diffraction by a weakly modulated potential. It proceeds in a way similar to the treatment of light diffraction by a thin phase grating, and consists in calculating the atomic wavefunction by means of action integrals along the classical trajectories of the atoms in the absence of the modulated part of the potential. The capabilities and the validity condition of the method are illustrated on the well-known case of atomic diffraction by a Gaussian standing wave. We prove that in this situation the perturbation method is equivalent to the Raman-Nath approximation, and we point out that the usually-considered Raman-Nath validity condition can lead to inaccuracies in the evaluation of the phases of the diffraction amplitudes. The method is also applied to the case of an evanescent wave reflection grating, and an analytical expression for the diffraction pattern at any incidence angle is obtained for the first time. Finally, the application of the method to other situations is briefly discussed. 1. Introduction. The diffraction of atomic de Broglie waves by standing wave light fields [1-4] or mechanical microstructures [5] has recently received considerable interest because of its potential application as an atomic beam splitter, one of the key components for the development of atom optics and interferometry