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Physical Review A

Temporal evolution of superradiance in a small sphere

Richard M. Friedberg, Sven R. Hartmann

Published Nov 1, 1974• 97 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We discuss the problem of calculating the superradiant behavior in samples small compared to a radiation wavelength. Difficulties associated with the analysis of Dicke are considered in the framework of quantum electrodynamics and equivalently from a classical point of view. The evolution of superradiance in a small sphere is followed numerically with attention to spatial variation of the Bloch dipole density. Coherence is maintained except in the region ${(\mathrm{kR})}^{\ensuremath{-}1}|cos\ensuremath{\theta}|\ensuremath{\lesssim}2$ which is at the Bloch equator, where it suddenly disappears. Away from the equator, the spatial variations of dipole density oscillate with amplitude $\ensuremath{\sim}{(\mathrm{kR})}^{2}sin\ensuremath{\theta}$ and frequency $\ensuremath{\sim}{(\mathrm{kR})}^{\ensuremath{-}3}|cos\ensuremath{\theta}|$. All these results agree with the predictions of a theoretical discussion previously published.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.10.1728

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We comment on the work of Jodoin and Mandel concerning superradiance in an inhomogeneously broadened atomic system of small size. We argue that for any realistic geometry, when inhomogeneous broadening is small, spatial variation of the electric field plays a major role in determining superradiant behavior. When inhomogeneous broadening is large, we agree on the neglect of this spatial variation, but argue that all radiation-reaction effects are then small, and can be estimated simply.

Physical Review A•Nov 1, 1974•4 citations
We discuss the problem of calculating the superradiant behavior in samples small compared to a radiation wavelength. Difficulties associated with the analysis of Dicke are considered in the framework of quantum electrodynamics and equivalently from a classical point of view. The evolution of superradiance in a small sphere is followed numerically with attention to spatial variation of the Bloch dipole density. Coherence is maintained except in the region (kR)\ensuremath−1∣cos\ensuremathθ∣\ensuremath≲2{(\mathrm{kR})}^{\ensuremath{-}1}|cos\ensuremath{\theta}|\ensuremath{\lesssim}2(kR)\ensuremath−1∣cos\ensuremathθ∣\ensuremath≲2 which is at the Bloch equator, where it suddenly disappears. Away from the equator, the spatial variations of dipole density oscillate with amplitude \ensuremath∼(kR)2sin\ensuremathθ\ensuremath{\sim}{(\mathrm{kR})}^{2}sin\ensuremath{\theta}\ensuremath∼(kR)2sin\ensuremathθ and frequency \ensuremath∼(kR)\ensuremath−3∣cos\ensuremathθ∣\ensuremath{\sim}{(\mathrm{kR})}^{\ensuremath{-}3}|cos\ensuremath{\theta}|\ensuremath∼(kR)\ensuremath−3∣cos\ensuremathθ∣. All these results agree with the predictions of a theoretical discussion previously published.
We introduce a straightforward quantum-electrodynamic approach to the problem of superradiant spontaneous emission from a system of two-level atoms, and also discuss two classical superradiant systems. The same physical concepts underlie our treatment of both the quantum and classical cases. Explicit expressions are found which describe the time evolution and directional character of the radiated power. Our approach applies to an arbitrary number of atoms which are confined to a region with linear dimensions which may be large compared with the mean wavelength of the emitted radiation. The radiative decay half-life of a large many-atom system is found to be much shorter than the natural lifetime of a single atom, but not as short as the half-life of a small atomic system with the same number of atoms. The far-field radiation pattern appropriate to the case of a circular cylinder of emitters which have been excited by a plane-wave pulse is considered in detail. Polar plots are presented of the radiation patterns produced when the atoms are excited by a plane-wave pulse. Exciting pulses traveling in directions both parallel and at an angle of 10\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} to the axis of the cylinder are considered. A discussion and generalization of Dicke's "coherence-brightening" criterion is given.
For pt.II see ibid., vol.19, p.2109 (1986). This paper is the third in a theoretical study of subradiance, i.e. the cooperative inhibition of spontaneous emission by a destructive interatomic interference, a phenomenon which has recently been observed. The paper is devoted to the problem of the cooperative spontaneous emission of atomic samples with linear dimensions much smaller than the wavelength of the emitted light. The treatment, which is based on a fully quantum mechanical description of the problem, corroborates the results obtained in a semiclassical treatment by Friedberg and Hartmann (1974). Starting from a master equation describing both the cooperative spontaneous emission and the dipole-dipole interaction, a statistical treatment of the latter is introduced and the corresponding symmetry relaxation is studied. The evolution of the atoms is described in three typical cases that correspond to different sample geometries and/or atomic distributions. In one of these cases, in particular, the symmetry is first conserved and the atoms follow Dicke's predictions for a time. A 'retarded' symmetry breaking then occurs suddenly, near the zero value of the collective energy, as in Friedberg and Hartmann's calculations for a small sphere. With regard to the further evolution of the atoms in this case, which cannot be studied in a semiclassical model, it is shown that the decay rate quickly becomes much smaller than the incoherent decay rate. An unquestionable subradiance phenomenon is thus predicted in this case.
Fully-excited two-level atoms separated by less than the transition wavelength cooperatively emit light in a short burst, a phenomenon called superradiance by R. Dicke in 1954. The burst is characterized by a maximum intensity scaling with the square of the number of atoms NNN and a temporal width reduced by NNN compared to the single atom spontaneous decay time. Both effects are usually attributed to a synchronization of the electric dipole moments of the atoms occurring during the process of light emission. Contrary to this explanation, it was recently shown by use of a quantum path description that the peak intensity results from the quantum correlations among the atoms when occupying symmetric Dicke states. Here we investigate from this perspective the temporal evolution of the ensemble, starting in the small sample limit, i.e., when the atoms have mutual separations much smaller than the transition wavelength λλλ and pass down the ladder of symmetric Dicke states. In addition, we explore the temporal evolution for the case of non-interacting atoms with mutual separations much larger than λλλ. We show that in this case a similar superradiant burst of the emitted radiation is observed if the quantum correlations of the atoms are generated by conditional photon measurements retaining the atomic ensemble within or close to the symmetric subspace.
Fully excited two-level atoms separated by less than the transition wavelength cooperatively emit light in a short burst, a phenomenon called superradiance by R. Dicke in 1954 [Phys. Rev. 93, 99 (1954)]. The burst is characterized by a maximum intensity scaling with the square of the number of atoms NNN and a temporal width reduced by NNN compared to the single atom spontaneous decay time. Both effects are usually attributed to a synchronization of the electric dipole moments of the atoms occurring during the process of light emission. Contrary to this explanation, it was recently shown by use of a quantum path description that the peak intensity results from the quantum correlations among the atoms when occupying symmetric Dicke states. Here we investigate from this perspective the temporal evolution of the ensemble, starting in the small sample limit, i.e., when the atoms have mutual separations much smaller than the transition wavelength $\ensuremath{\lambda}$ and pass down the ladder of symmetric Dicke states. In addition, we explore the temporal evolution for the case of distant noninteracting atoms with mutual separations much larger than $\ensuremath{\lambda}$. We show that in this case a similar superradiant burst of the emitted radiation is observed if the quantum correlations of the atoms are generated by conditional photon measurements retaining the atomic ensemble within or close to the symmetric subspace.
The fluctuating properties of superradiant and superfluorescent systems are investigated by supplementing the equations of motion for the expectation values of quantum observables with random force terms. In the case of a small atomic system the time evolution of the radiated intensity as well as the intensity fluctuations are computed. We also find the time dependence of the average dipole moment in the presence of chirping. For a pencil-shaped geometry, a generalized system of Maxwell–Bloch equations is analysed. The inhomogeneous broadening is then included. We compare the semiclassical equation for the probability distribution of the atomic variables with the quantum equations based both on normal and antinormal ordering. With the exception of the region in the vicinity of the poles of the Bloch sphere, a close correspondence between the semiclassical and quantum theories is established. The oscillatory superfluorescence is treated similarly to quantum analysis by employing a new method of Lugiato for open systems.