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Chinese Physics B

Realization of stimulated emission-based detector and its application to antinormally ordered photodetection

Fan Dai-He, Bai Yunfei, Zhang Hai-Long, Chen Jun-Jian, Zhang Jun-Xiang, Gao Jiang-Rui

Published Mar 1, 2010• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Using a stimulated parametric down-conversion process combined with a conventional detector, we theoretically propose a scheme to realize the stimulated emission-based detector, and investigate the antinormally ordered correlation function and Fano factor for the coherent field based on it. Such a detection has advantages over the normally ordered one especially when the intensity of the field is weak.

DOI
10.1088/1674-1056/19/3/034208

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Using a stimulated parametric down-conversion process combined with a conventional detector, we theoretically propose a scheme to realize the stimulated emission-based detector, and investigate the antinormally ordered correlation function and Fano factor for the coherent field based on it. Such a detection has advantages over the normally ordered one especially when the intensity of the field is weak.
When the electromagnetic field is detected by stimulated emission, rather than by absorption, antinormally ordered photodetection can be realized. One of the distinct features of this photodetection scheme is its sensitivity to zero-point fluctuation due to the existence of the spontaneous emission. We have recently succeeded in experimentally demonstrating the antinormally ordered photodetection by exploiting nondegenerate stimulated parametric down-conversion process. To properly account for the experiment, the detection process needs to be treated with time-dependent and continuous-mode operators because of the broadband nature of the parametric down-conversion process and the wide spectrum of the pump that we used. Here, we theoretically analyze the antinormally ordered intensity correlation of the continuous-mode fields by pursuing the detection process in the Heisenberg picture. It is shown that the excess positive correlation due to zero-point fluctuation reduces because of the frequency-distinguishability of the two emitted photon pairs.
The properties of a photon counter functioning by stimulated emission---rather than by absorption---of photons in an external field are examined. A possible scheme for such a quantum counter is described, and it is shown that correlation measurements performed with a number of quantum counters correspond to antinormally ordered products of field operators. These correlations, unlike the normally ordered ones, are always positive definite and depend explicitly on the number of radiation modes per unit volume to which the counter is coupled. It is shown that the antinormally ordered correlations carry useful information about the field only when the average photon occupation number per mode is large. A general expression for the probability that the quantum counter registers nnn counts in a certain time interval is derived and is shown to be related in an interesting way to the corresponding expression for the photoelectric detector. The variance of the probability distribution is evaluated for some simple states of the field.
We have measured antinormally ordered Hanbury Brown-Twiss correlations for coherent states of the electromagnetic field by using a stimulated parametric down-conversion process. Photons were detected by stimulated emission, rather than by absorption, so that the detection responded not only to actual photons but also to zero-point fluctuations via spontaneous emission. The observed correlations were distinct from normally ordered ones as they showed excess positive correlations, i.e., photon bunching effects, which arose from the thermal nature of zero-point fluctuations.
An experimental scheme and data processing approaches are proposed for measuring by analog photo detectors the normalized second-order correlation function of the biphoton field generated under spontaneous parametric down-conversion. Obtained results are especially important for quantum SPDC-based technologies in the long-wave spectral ranges, where it is difficult to use the single-photon detector at least in one of the two biphoton channels. The methods of discrimination of analog detection samples are developed to eliminate the negative influence of the detection noises and get quantitatively true values of both the correlation function and the detector quantum efficiency. The methods are demonstrated depending on whether two single-photon avalanche photo detectors are used in both SPDC channels, or at least one single-photon detector is replaced by a photo-multiplier tube which cannot operate in the photon counting mode.
In a recent paper [I. I. Arkhipov, Phys. Rev. A 98, 021803 (2018)], it was shown that one can completely identify the nonclassicality of single- and two-mode Gaussian states by means of certain nonclassicality witnesses which are based on intensity moments up to the third order of optical fields, provided that an appropriate coherent displacement is applied to a given Gaussian state. Here, we utilize a mathematical equivalence between the description of the coherent displaced Gaussian states generated in the spontaneous parametric processes and the Gaussian states generated in the corresponding stimulated parametric processes. Resorting to that equivalence, we study and compare the power of those nonclassicality witnesses in the detection of the nonclassicality of the two-mode Gaussian states generated in both the spontaneous and stimulated second subharmonic and down-conversion processes and which are subsequently subject to a beam splitter. We demonstrate that by means of an appropriate induced stimulated emission, one can completely identify the nonclassicality of the considered Gaussian states in comparison to the case of the spontaneous emission. This is important from the experimental point of view, as the stimulated emission can be easily implemented in running optical experiments, and such method can exploit just simple linear detectors.
The quantum theory of photodetection is applied to the direct detection of multi-mode Gaussian-state light, with particular attention to the mean photocurrent and the photocurrent noise spectrum. Gaussian-state light comprises squeezed-state light plus additional classical Gaussian noise. By extending the familiar Gaussian moment-factoring formula of classical statistics to the antinormally ordered characteristic function of Gaussian-state light, the first and second moment photocurrent statistics for such illumination are shown to be completely characterized by knowledge of the mean function, the phase-sensitive correlation function, and the normally ordered correlation of the input light. The theory delineates the condition under which the strong-mean-field approximation is applicable to direct detection of such beams, i.e., it tells us when a direct detector yields the same noise spectrum as that of an in-phase homodyne detector. Numerical results are presented for the noise spectra of a squeezed amplifier, i.e., an optical parametric amplifier with signal-injection-induced gain saturation.