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Physical Review Letters

Localization, dynamical correlations, and the effect of colored noise on coherence

Doron Cohen

Published Oct 7, 1991• 24 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Localization in the quantum-kicked-rotator problem leads to nontrivial dynamical correlations that are absent in the classical limit. Consequently, both coherence and diffusion in the presence of colored noise depend on its long-range autocorrelations. This implies that a Markovian treatment of the dynamics for a system that is coupled to a low-temperature heat bath is not valid even if the system is classically chaotic.

DOI
10.1103/physrevlett.67.1945

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Localization in the quantum-kicked-rotator problem leads to nontrivial dynamical correlations that are absent in the classical limit. Consequently, both coherence and diffusion in the presence of colored noise depend on its long-range autocorrelations. This implies that a Markovian treatment of the dynamics for a system that is coupled to a low-temperature heat bath is not valid even if the system is classically chaotic.
Localization in the quantum kicked rotator (QKR) problem leads to nontrivial dynamical correlations that are absent in the classical limit. These correlations are related to the spectral properties of the model. The effect of noise on coherence is studied. Also, its effect on the dynamical correlations is investigated, and thus one is able to determine analytically the diffusion that is induced. If the noise is white, then coherence time is the same as that for the undriven system. For colored noise it is essential to take into account the nature of the dynamical correlations. It follows that a Markovian treatment of the dynamics for a system that is coupled to a low-temperature heat bath is not valid even if the system is classically chaotic. The formalism applies also to the problem of QKR with kicks that are not strictly periodic in time, and also to the quantum kicked particle problem, where a nonperturbative mechanism for destruction of coherence has been found.
Two models for the investigation of the quantum damped kicked-rotator problem are introduced and analysed in a unified fashion. For the first model we follow the Caldeira-Leggett approach while the second constitutes a simplification of the Dittrich-Graham model. These models enable one to investigate the effects of noise and dissipation for systems that exhibit chaos in the classical limit and quantum localization otherwise. The rotator is coupled via its angle coordinate to a heat bath that is held at an arbitrary temperature. Noise time-autocorrelations which may arise from such coupling and the validity of the Markovian approximation are discussed.
The quantum kicked rotator is linearly coupled to a heat bath via its momentum coordinate. A momentum-space formulation of the Feynman-Vernon formalism is introduced to find the reduced propagator. The Wigner picture of the dynamics is adopted. It is found that it is a good approximation to ignore the ``friction'' effect and to replace the bath by a correlated noise source. For certain values of the friction coefficient, this replacement is exact. Destruction of coherence at zero temperature is qualitatively different for an undriven rotator.
A model that generalizes the study of quantum Brownian motion (BM) is constructed. We consider disordered environment that may be either static (quenched), noisy or dynamical. The Zwanzig-Caldeira-Leggett BM model formally constitutes a special case where the disorder autocorrelation length is taken to be infinite. Alternatively, a localization problem is obtained if the noise autocorrelation time is taken to be infinite. Also the general case of weak nonlinear coupling to a thermal, possibly chaotic bath is handled by the same formalism. A general, Feynman-Vernon type path-integral expression for the propagator is introduced. A Wigner transformed version of this expression is utilized in order to facilitate comparison with the classical limit. It is demonstrated that nonstochastic genuine quantal manifestations are associated with the model. It is clarified that such effects are absent in the standard BM model, either the disorder or the chaotic nature of the bath are essential. Quantal correction to the classical diffusive behavior is found even in the limit of high temperatures. The suppression of interference due to dephasing is discussed, leading to the observation that due to the disorder the decay of coherence is exponential in time, and no longer depends on geometrical considerations. Fascinating non-Markovian effects due to time-correlated (colored) noise are explored. For this, a strategy is developed in order to handle the integration over paths. This strategy is extended in order to demonstrate how localization comes out from the path-integral expression.
Periodically driven systems are nowadays a very powerful tool for the study of condensed quantum matter: indeed, they allow the observation of phenomena in huge contrast with the expected behavior of their classical counterparts. An outstanding example is dynamical localization: this phenomenon consists in the prevention of heating despite an external periodic perturbation. It has been defined for the first time in a single particle model, the kicked rotor. This chaotic system undergoes an unbounded heating in time in its classical limit; on the opposite, in the quantum regime, the kinetic energy grows until a saturation value is reached and the system stops heating. In my thesis I consider a chain of coupled quantum kicked rotors in order to investigate the fate of dynamical localization in presence of interactions. I remarkably show that a dynamically localized phase persists in the quantum system also in presence of interactions. This is an unexpected behavior since periodically driven, interacting, non-integrable quantum systems heat up to an infinite temperature state. Moreover, I find a genuine quantum dynamics also in the delocalized phase: the heating is not diffusive, as it happens in the classical system, but it follows a sub-diffusive power law. A focus on the properties of the Floquet eigenstates and operators matrix properties gives interesting hints, still under investigation, for a possible justification of the above mentioned slow heating.
Decoherence in quantum systems which are classically chaotic is studied. The Arnold cat map and the quantum kicked rotor are chosen as examples of linear and nonlinear chaotic systems. The Feynman-Vernon influence functional formalism is used to study the effect of the environment on the system. It is well known that quantum coherence can obliterate chaotic behavior in the corresponding classical system. But interaction with an environment can under general circumstances quickly diminish quantum coherence and reenact classical chaotic behavior. How effectively decoherence works to sustain chaos, and how the resultant behavior qualitatively differs from the quantum picture, depending on the coupling of the system with the environment and the spectral density and temperature of the environment. We show how recurrence in the quantum cat map is lost and classical ergodicity is recovered due to the effect of the environment. Quantum coherence and diffusion suppression are instrumental to dynamical localization for the kicked rotor. We show how environment-induced effects can destroy this localization. Such effects can also be understood as resulting from external noises driving the system. Peculiar to decohering chaotic systems is the apparent transition from reversible to irreversible dynamics. We show such transitions in the quantum cat map and the kicked rotor and distinguish it from apparent irreversibility originating from dynamical instability and imprecise measurements. By performing a time reversal on and following the quantum kicked rotor dynamics numerically, we show how the otherwise reversible quantum dynamics acquires an arrow of time upon the introduction of noise or interaction with an environment.