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Physical review. B, Condensed matter

Universal finite-size-scaling amplitudes of the Potts model on a torus

Hyunggyu Park, Marcel den Nijs

Published Jul 1, 1988• 22 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We derive the exact values of the universal amplitudes associated with the finite-size-scaling behavior of the free energy and interfacial free energies of the Potts model on a torus, by means of the extended-scaling method. These amplitudes vary continuously with the value of the aspect ratio of the torus. Our results make it possible to apply the type of finite-size-scaling techniques that are standard in the context of transfer-matrix calculations to Monte Carlo simulations, and thus enhance the effectiveness of these simulations in establishing the universality class of a phase transition.

DOI
10.1103/physrevb.38.565

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We derive the exact values of the universal amplitudes associated with the finite-size-scaling behavior of the free energy and interfacial free energies of the Potts model on a torus, by means of the extended-scaling method. These amplitudes vary continuously with the value of the aspect ratio of the torus. Our results make it possible to apply the type of finite-size-scaling techniques that are standard in the context of transfer-matrix calculations to Monte Carlo simulations, and thus enhance the effectiveness of these simulations in establishing the universality class of a phase transition.
Recently the author suggested studying the scaling properties of complex two-dimensional phase transitions by calculating the universal amplitudes of interfacial free energies on a torus geometry employing Monte Carlo simulations. He tests this method at the 3*3 phase transition in the Ising lattice gas on a triangular lattice belonging to the chiral three-state Potts universality class. The interfacial free energies for this lattice gas model can be written in terms of free energy differences between systems with different sizes. The algorithm to calculate these free energy differences is presented. Using lattice sizes up to 18*18 and modest computing effort, he finds that the universal amplitude A=1.220.02, in accordance with the exact analytical value for the non-chiral three-state Potts model, A=1.203291 . . ., which he determined earlier.
The study of the universal finite-size scaling amplitudes of interfacial free energies in Monte Carlo simulations provides an accurate method of determining the critical temperature and the universality class of phase transitions. These universal amplitudes can replace the critical exponents to identify universality classes. The authors use Bennett's optimisation scheme (1976) for the calculation of the interfacial free energies in Monte Carlo simulations. Tests for the Ising and three-state Potts model confirm the effectiveness of this method.
Estimates for the critical interfacial tension amplitudes of the three-state Potts model in two dimensions via direct Monte Carlo sampling are presented for the first time. Both the square and triangular lattices are analyzed with use of finite-size scaling considerations. Also presented for the first time are estimates for the correlation-length amplitudes as derived from high-temperature series. These numerical results allow investigation of the ratio U=\ensuremath{\tau}${\ensuremath{\xi}}^{d\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$/kB{k}_{B}kB​T as T\ensuremath{\rightarrow}Tc{T}_{c}Tc​. The results confirm the universality of U and are in agreement with exact results for hard hexagons. The finite-size scaling amplitude for the interfacial free energy at criticality is also shown to be universal within the available precision.
We present a method which allows calculation of whole universal finite-size-scaling functions from Monte Carlo data. The crux of the new method is a technique of isolating the singular part from the total free energy. We apply this method to the 3-state Potts model on a square lattice and find the normalized scaling function Y(x) in the form 1+x+5.31x2{\mathit{x}}^{2}x2-1.2x3{\mathit{x}}^{3}x3-0.67x4{\mathit{x}}^{4}x4 . . . near the bulk critical point x=0, together with the normalizing universal amplitude E=1.053 and a nonuniversal metric factor D=-0.387. It also behaves as Y(x)\ensuremath{\approxeq}(\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}x${)}^{\mathit{d}\ensuremath{\nu}}$${\mathit{Q}}_{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}$ for large x in agreement with the hyperuniversality hypothesis with Q+{\mathit{Q}}_{+}Q+​/${\mathit{Q}}_{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$\ensuremath{\approxeq}1.
The behavior of dimensionless quantities defined as ratios of partition functions is analyzed to investigate phase transitions and critical phenomena. At criticality, the universal values of these ratios can be predicted from conformal field theory (CFT) through the modular-invariant partition functions on a torus. We perform numerical calculations using the bond-weighted tensor renormalization group for three two-dimensional models belonging to different universality classes: the Ising model, the three-state Potts model, and the four-state Potts model. The partition-function ratios obey the same finite-size scaling form as the Binder parameter, and their critical values agree well with the universal values predicted by CFT. In the four-state Potts model, we observe logarithmic corrections in the system-size dependence of these ratios.