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Physical Review Letters

Efficient Collection of 221 Fr into a Vapor Cell Magneto-optical Trap

Zheng‐Tian Lu, Kristan L. Corwin, Kurt R. Vogel, Carl Wieman, T. Dinneen, Jason Maddi, Harvey Gould

Published Aug 11, 1997• 93 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We have efficiently loaded a vapor cell magneto-optical trap from an orthotropic source of ${}^{221}\mathrm{Fr}$ with a trapping efficiency of 56(10)%. A novel detection scheme allowed us to measure 900 trapped atoms with a signal to noise ratio of $\ensuremath{\sim}60$ in 1 sec. We have measured the energies and the hyperfine constants of the $^{2}7P_{1/2}$ and $^{2}7P_{3/2}$ states.

DOI
10.1103/physrevlett.79.994

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Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE•Apr 7, 1995•0 citations
We have efficiently loaded a vapor cell magneto-optical trap from an orthotropic source of 221Fr{}^{221}\mathrm{Fr}221Fr with a trapping efficiency of 56(10)%. A novel detection scheme allowed us to measure 900 trapped atoms with a signal to noise ratio of \ensuremath∼60\ensuremath{\sim}60\ensuremath∼60 in 1 sec. We have measured the energies and the hyperfine constants of the 27P1/2^{2}7P_{1/2}27P1/2​ and 27P3/2^{2}7P_{3/2}27P3/2​ states.
We report a two-chambered, differentially pumped system that permits rapid collection of trapped atoms with a vapor cell magneto-optical trap (MOT) and efficient transfer of these atoms to a second MOT in a lowerpressure chamber. During the transfer the atoms are guided down a long, thin tube by a magnetic potential, with 90(15%) transfer efficiency. By multiply loading, we accumulate and hold as many as 30 times the number collected by the vapor cell MOT. By thus separating the collection and holding functions of a MOT, we can collect as many as 1.5(0.6) x 10(10) rubidium atoms and hold them for longer than 100 s, using inexpensive low-power diode lasers.
Radioactive 79Rb^{79}\mathrm{Rb}79Rb atoms have been produced in a nuclear reaction and were captured into a magneto-optic trap in a cell. A fluorescence signal was obtained from 80 79Rb^{79}\mathrm{Rb}79Rb atoms in the trap. The efficiency of the process is estimated as 1\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}5}$ atom in the trap for every atom/sec produced. This efficiency is sufficient to develop further experiments to measure atomic properties of Fr with the eventual goal of observing parity nonconservation effects in neutral atoms of different radioactive isotopes of Fr.
With a vapor-cell magneto-optical trap (VCMOT) atoms are trapped directly from the equilibrium vapor at room temperature without the complication of a precooling stage. The background vapor, however, can also be a source of energetic atoms hitting and ejecting those atoms already trapped. The background collision limits trap confinement time /spl tau/ and consequently the total number N of atoms trapped in a VCMOT. In order to have large /spl tau/ and N without losing the convenience and simplicity of a VCMOT, double MOT systems were built. In such a system there is a VCMOT with a usual background vapor pressure, and connected to it is another MOT without the vapor. The VCMOT captures atoms and transfers them to the second MOT through a long tube. The tube provides the constriction to maintain the pressure difference between the two MOT chambers. For the second MOT there is a steady supply of slow atoms without the complication of the background vapor, and it can hold a large number of atoms for a long time. Such systems were successfully used for a Bose Einstein condensation experiment and to study cold collisions.
We have studied the user of vapor-cell magneto-optical traps for the collection and investigation of trace elements of radioactive isotopes. The fundamental processes governing efficient collection of neutral isotopes in a trap have been identified and integrated into a model that accurately describes the collection process. The model has been verified experimentally; a 6% capture efficiency has been demonstrated for stable Cs isotopes and we predict a simple change in trapping cell geometry will allow a 50% capture efficiency. This paper discussed the issues involved in efficient capture, such as the trapping laser properties and wall-coatings. It describes a new cell design for efficient capture and discusses current work towards trapping small numbers of 221Fr (T1/2 equals 4.8 minutes) atoms.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.