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Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics Europe & European Quantum Electronics Conference (CLEO/Europe-EQEC)

Quantum simulation with integrated photonics

Fabio Sciarrino

Published May 1, 2013• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The ability to manipulate quantum states of light by integrated devices may open new perspectives both for fundamental tests of quantum mechanics and for novel technological applications [1]. The technology for handling polarization-encoded qubits, the most commonly adopted approach, was still missing in quantum optical circuits until the ultrafast laser writing (ULW) technique was adopted to realize integrated devices able to support polarization encoded qubits [2]. In the ULW technique a femtosecond laser is focused on a glass substrate inducing a variation of the glass refractive index in the region around the focus: by translating the substrate with respect to the laser beam it is possible to directly write wave-guides inside the chip. Thanks to this method, the maintenance of polarization entanglement was demonstrated in a balanced polarization independent integrated beam splitter [2] and an integrated CNOT gate for polarization qubits was realized [3].

DOI
10.1109/cleoe-iqec.2013.6801679

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The ability to manipulate quantum states of light by integrated devices may open new perspectives both for fundamental tests of quantum mechanics and for novel technological applications [1]. The technology for handling polarization-encoded qubits, the most commonly adopted approach, was still missing in quantum optical circuits until the ultrafast laser writing (ULW) technique was adopted to realize integrated devices able to support polarization encoded qubits [2]. In the ULW technique a femtosecond laser is focused on a glass substrate inducing a variation of the glass refractive index in the region around the focus: by translating the substrate with respect to the laser beam it is possible to directly write wave-guides inside the chip. Thanks to this method, the maintenance of polarization entanglement was demonstrated in a balanced polarization independent integrated beam splitter [2] and an integrated CNOT gate for polarization qubits was realized [3].
The ability to manipulate quantum states of light by integrated devices may open new perspectives both for fundamental tests of quantum mechanics and for novel technological applications. The technology for handling polarization-encoded qubits, the most commonly adopted approach, was still missing in quantum optical circuits until the ultrafast laser writing (ULW) technique was adopted for the first time to realize integrated devices able to support and manipulate polarization encoded qubits.1 Thanks to this method, polarization dependent and independent devices can be realized. In particular the maintenance of polarization entanglement was demonstrated in a balanced polarization independent integrated beam splitter1 and an integrated CNOT gate for polarization qubits was realized and carachterized.2 We also exploited integrated optics for quantum simulation tasks: by adopting the ULW technique an integrated quantum walk circuit was realized3 and, for the first time, we investigate how the particle statistics, either bosonic or fermionic, influences a two-particle discrete quantum walk. Such experiment has been realized by adopting two-photon entangled states and an array of integrated symmetric directional couplers. The polarization entanglement was exploited to simulate the bunching-antibunching feature of non interacting bosons and fermions. To this scope a novel three-dimensional geometry for the waveguide circuit is introduced, which allows accurate polarization independent behaviour, maintaining a remarkable control on both phase and balancement of the directional couplers.
The ability to manipulate quantum states of light by integrated devices may open new perspectives both for fundamental tests of quantum mechanics and for novel technological applications. However, the technology for handling polarization-encoded qubits, the most commonly adopted approach, is still missing in quantum optical circuits. Here we demonstrate the first integrated photonic controlled-NOT (CNOT) gate for polarization-encoded qubits. This result has been enabled by the integration, based on femtosecond laser waveguide writing, of partially polarizing beam splitters on a glass chip. We characterize the logical truth table of the quantum gate demonstrating its high fidelity to the expected one. In addition, we show the ability of this gate to transform separable states into entangled ones and vice versa. Finally, the full accessibility of our device is exploited to carry out a complete characterization of the CNOT gate through a quantum process tomography. As quantum information processing continues to develop apace, the need for integrated photonic devices becomes ever greater for both fundamental measurements and technological applications. To this end, Crespiet al.demonstrate a high-fidelity photonic controlled-NOT gate on a glass chip.
Quantum simulators are getting to the level of real devices, constituted by a quantum system which can be controlled in its preparation, evolution and measurement and whose dynamics can implement that of the target quantum system we want to simulate. In this context, photonics quantum technologies are expected to play an instrumental role in the realization of controlled quantum systems capable, in their evolution, to simulate a given complex system. I will present some of the main results obtained in this field in our laboratory by using integrated waveguide optical circuits that represent the hardware of a quantum simulator. These systems are constituted by interferometer arrays of beam splitters and phase shifters fabricated on single integrated platforms by femtosecond laser writing technique and have the potential of speeding-up the evolution from lab systems to the next generation of quantum optical devices for real-world applications. Using the mobility of photons we are able to create arbitrary interconnections within these systems and to mimic the main features of quantum phenomena of increasing complexity.
Photonics is a powerful framework for testing in experiments quantum information ideas, which promise significant advantages in computation, cryptography, measurement and simulation tasks. Linear optics is in principle sufficient to achieve universal quantum computation, but stability requirements become severe when experiments have to be implemented with bulk components. Integrated photonic circuits, on the contrary, due to their compact monolithic structure, easily overcome stability and size limitations of bench-top setups. Anyway, for quantum information applications, they have been operated so far only with fixed polarization states of the photons. On the other hand, many important quantum information processes and sources of entangled photon states are based on the polarization degree of freedom. In our work we demonstrate femtosecond laser fabrication of novel integrated components which are able to support and manipulate polarization entangled photons. The low birefringence and the unique possibility of engineering three-dimensional circuit layouts, allow femtosecond laser written waveguides to be eminently suited for quantum optics applications. In fact, this technology enables to realize polarization insensitive circuits which have been employed for entangled Bell state filtration and implementation of discrete quantum walk of entangled photons. Polarization sensitive devices can also be fabricated, such as partially polarizing directional couplers, which have enabled on-chip integration of quantum logic gates reaching high fidelity operation.