In the calculus of Hudson and Parthasarathy we show the existence of a solution to the quantum stochastic evolution equation U ( t ) = I + ∫ 0 t U ( s ) ( L 1 d Λ ( s ) + L 2 d A ( s ) + L 3 d A † ( s ) + L 4 d s ) for a class of unbounded operators L1, …, L4 in the initial space, and show that the necessary and sufficient condition that U be a unitary process is the same as in the case that L1, …, L4 are bounded. Applications of the vacuum conditional expectation to U give rise to strongly continuous semigroups and their generators in the initial space, and to ultraweakly continuous completely positive semigroups and their generators in the von Neumann algebra of the initial space.
Quite a few researchers have contributed to the development of quantum stochastic differential equations driven by quantum noises, initiated by Hudson and Parthasarathy [HP84a]. A nonexhaustive list of contributors includes Fagnola and Wills [FW00], [FW03], Obata [Oba97], and Linsay and Skalski [LS10]. Based on the results presented in Chapter 3, this chapter derives and considers a general form of linear (left) and (right) Hudson-Parthasarathy quantum stochastic differential equations driven by quantum noises in symmetric Fock space with operator-valued matrices as coefficients. Specifically, it studies the existence and uniqueness of the strong and mild solution processes for both the left and right quantum stochastic differential equations and conditions under which the solution processes are unitary, isometry, co-isometry, and regular. These results make extensive use of the properties of stochastic integral driven by quantum noise and its quantum stochastic calculus in the context of a symmetric Fock space, which was explored in Chapter 3. Various discrete approximation schemes, including Bouten et al. [BvH07], of the left Hudson-Parthasarathy QSDE are also explored for numerical computation. Specifically, it is shown that the solution of the Hudson- Parthasarathy QSDE can be approximated by a sequence of discrete interaction models with decreasing time step. In order to study this problem, discrete interaction models are embedded in a limiting space. This allows one to present strong convergence of the embedded discrete cocycles to the solution of the Hudson-Parthasarathy QSDE. It will be pointed out that the way in which the embedding is done does not affect the proof of the main result for discrete approximations. Examples of a QSDE that is analytically solvable and a QSDE that possesses a mild solution but not a strong solution are also given. QSDE of Hudson-Parthasarathy Type It has been mentioned earlier in Chapter 3 that an open quantum systems treated in this monograph are to be formulated as a quantum system in which the underlined (or the initial) quantum system is perturbed by quantum noises that represent the environment.
We develop the theory of chaos spaces and chaos matrices. A chaos space is a Hilbert space with a fixed, countably-infinite, direct-sum decomposition. A chaos matrix between two chaos spaces is a doubly-infinite matrix of bounded operators which respects this decomposition. We study operators represented by such matrices, particularly with respect to self-adjointness. This theory is used to re-formulate the quantum stochastic calculus of Hudson and Parthasarathy. Integrals of chaos-matrix processes are defined using the Hitsuda-Skorokhod integral and Malliavin gradient,following Lindsay and Belavkin. A new way of defining adaptedness is developed and the consequent quantum product Ito formula is used to provide a genuine functional Ito formula for polynomials in a large class of unbounded processes, which include the Poisson process and Brownian motion. A new type of adaptedness, known as
Ω-adaptedness, is defined. We show that quantum stochastic integrals of
Ω-adapted processes are well-behaved; for instance, bounded processes have bounded integrals. We solve the appropriate modification of the evolution equation of Hudson and Parthasarathy: $U(t)=I+\int_{0}^{t}E(s)\mathrm{d}\Lambda(s)+F(s)\mathrm{d} A(s)+ G(s)U(s)\mathrm{d} A^{\dagger}(s)+H(s)U(s)\mathrm{d} s, $ where the coefficients are time-dependent, bounded,
Ω-adapted processes acting on the whole Fock space. We show that the usual conditions on the coefficients, viz. $(E,F,G,H)=(W-I,L,-WL^{*},iK+\mbox{$\frac{1}{2}$}LL^{*})$ where
W is unitary and
K self-adjoint, are necessary and sufficient conditions for the solution to be unitary. This is a very striking result when compared to the adapted case.
We consider the quantum stochastic differential equation introduced by Hudson and Parthasarathy to describe the stochastic evolution of an open quantum system together with its environment. We study the (unbounded) Hamiltonian operator generating the unitary group connected, as shown by Frigerio and Maassen, to the solution of the equation. We find a densely defined restriction of the Hamiltonian operator; in some special cases we prove that this restriction is essentially self-adjoint and in one particular case we get the whole Hamiltonian with its full domain.
Given a Hamiltonian
H on a Hilbert space
H it is shown that, under the assumption that
σ(H)=σac(H)=R+, there exist unique positive operators
TF and
TB registering the Schrödinger time evolution generated by
H in the forward (future) direction and backward (past) direction respectively. These operators may be considered as time observables for the quantum evolution. Moreover, it is shown that the same operators may serve as time observables in the construction of quantum stochastic differential equations and quantum stochastic processes in the framework of the Hudson-Parthasarathy quantum stochastic calculus. The basic mechanism enabling for the definition of the time observables originates from the recently developed semigroup decomposition formalism used in the description of the time evolution of resonances in quantum mechanical scattering problems.
Hudson-Parthasarathy (H-P) type quantum stochastic dilation of a class of C 0 semigroups of completely positive maps ( quantum dynamical or Markov semigroups) on a von Neumann or C * algebra, with unbounded generators, is constructed under some assumptions on the semigroup and its generator.The assumption of symmetry with respect to a semifinite trace allows the use of Hilbert space techniques,while that of covariance with respect to an action of a Lie group on the algebra gives a better control on the domain of the generator.A dilation of the dynamical semigroup is obtained, under some further assumptions on the domain of the generator, with the help of a conjugation by a unitary quantum stochastic process satisfying Hudson-Parthasarathy equation in Fock space.