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Ferroelectrics

Monte Carlo Study of Ising Critical Isotherms

J. G. García, Manuel I. Marqués, Julio A. Gonzalo

Published Jan 1, 2012• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Monte Carlo investigations of magnetization versus field, Mc(H), at the critical temperature provide direct accurate results on the critical exponent δ−1 for one, two, three and four-dimensional lattices: δ−1 1D =0, δ−1 2D =0.0666(2)≈1/15, δ−1 3D =0.1997(4)≈1/5, δ−1 4D =0.332(5)≈1/3. This type of Monte Carlo data on δ, which is not easily found in studies of Ising lattices in the current literature, as far as we know, defines extremely well the numerical value of this exponent within very stringent limits.

DOI
10.1080/00150193.2012.671731

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Monte Carlo investigations of magnetization versus field, Mc(H), at the critical temperature provide direct accurate results on the critical exponent δ−1 for one, two, three and four-dimensional lattices: δ−1 1D =0, δ−1 2D =0.0666(2)≈1/15, δ−1 3D =0.1997(4)≈1/5, δ−1 4D =0.332(5)≈1/3. This type of Monte Carlo data on δ, which is not easily found in studies of Ising lattices in the current literature, as far as we know, defines extremely well the numerical value of this exponent within very stringent limits.
A careful Monte Carlo investigation of the phase transition very close to the critical point (T -> Tc, H -> 0) in relatively large d = 3, s = 1/2 Ising lattices did produce critical exponents beta = 0.3126(4) =~ 5/16, delta^{-1} = 0.1997(4) =~ 1/5 and gamma_{3D} = 1.253(4) =~ 5/4. Our results indicate that, within experimental error, they are given by simple fractions corresponding to the linear interpolations between the respective two-dimensional (Onsager) and four-dimensional (mean field) critical exponents. An analysis of our inverse susceptibility data chi^{-1}(T) vs. /T - Tc/ shows that these data lead to a value of gamma_{3D} compatible with gamma' = gamma and Tc = 4.51152(12), while gamma values obtained recently by high and low temperature series expansions and renormalization group methods are not.
In chapter one, we explain briefly the continuum limit, scaling, and high temperature expansion of critical phenomena, Monte Carlo algorithms and fitting. In chapter two, different continuum limits of the Ising model in dimensions (D) 2, 3 and 4 are investigated numerically. The data indicate that triviality occurs for D = 4 and fails for D < 4 in each limit. In chapter three, a relation between the critical exponents of the leading and confluent scaling terms is derived using the finite size scaling argument. We also determine the new scaling variable of the 4D Ising model based on a new Monte Carlo simulation data. In chapter four, a Monte Carlo study of two dimensional diluted Ising systems is reported. It is shown that regular dilution does not affect critical exponents, while a random one does, with critical exponents varying continuously with impurity concentration. The importance of fluctuations in producing such effects is emphasized. In chapter five, a different point of view regarding the critical exponent of the specific heat of the 3D Ising model is presented. Based on the analysis of high temperature expansion, finite size scaling and Monte Carlo data in the symmetric phase of the 3D Ising model, it is shown that logarithmic scaling behavior of specific heat is more consistent than power scaling behavior.
We have tested the theoretical values of critical exponents, predicted for the three--dimensional Heisenberg model, based on the published Monte Carlo (MC) simulation data for the susceptibility. Two different sets of the critical exponents have been considered - one provided by the usual (perturbative) renormalization group (RG) theory, and another predicted by grouping of Feynman diagrams in phi^4 model (our theory). The test consists of two steps. First we determine the critical coupling by fitting the MC data to the theoretical expression, including both confluent and analytical corrections to scaling, the values of critical exponents being taken from theory. Then we use the obtained value of critical coupling to test the agreement between theory and MC data at criticality. As a result, we have found that predictions of our theory (gamma=19/14, eta=1/10, omega=3/5) are consistent, whereas those of the perturbative RG theory (gamma=1.3895, eta=0.0355, omega=0.782) are inconsistent with the MC data. The seemable agreement between the RG prediction for eta and MC results at criticality, reported in literature, appears due to slightly overestimated value of the critical coupling. Estimation of critical exponents of 3D Ising model from complex zeroth of the partition function is discussed. A refined analysis yields the best estimate 1/nu=1.518. We conclude that the recent MC data can be completely explained within our theory (providing 1/nu=1.5 and omega=0.5) rather than within the conventional RG theory.
In this work, Markov Chain-Monte Carlo technique was used to study the phase transition in two and three dimensional Ising Model (IM) in a square and cubic lattice. The study of temperature dependence of average magnetization and specific heat in different magnetic fields has been carried out in the 3x3 and 3x3x3 lattice with periodic boundary. Critical temperature point kBTc / J for 2D and 3D Ising Model has been observed at around 2.2 and 4.3 respectively at zero field. Our work satisfies Onsager’s critical value in 2D IM. The simulation suggests bifurcation in average magnetization below critical temperature Tc. Temperature plays the role of increasing randomness of spins. We found that Ising Model in small lattice size still retains interesting features like spontaneous magnetization and symmetry breaking below Tc at B = 0. At a non-zero field, the likelihood of spins to prefer certain alignment depends on the direction of the external field and magnitude of magnetization depends on magnitude of field ±B. Specific heat Cv, which gives us fluctuation of energy at particular temperature, has been found to attain maximum value at critical regions.
While the three-dimensional Ising model has defied analytic solution, various numerical methods like Monte Carlo, Monte Carlo renormalization group, and series expansion have provided precise information about the phase transition. Using Monte Carlo simulation that employs the Wolff cluster flipping algorithm with both 32-bit and 53-bit random number generators and data analysis with histogram reweighting and quadruple precision arithmetic, we have investigated the critical behavior of the simple cubic Ising Model, with lattice sizes ranging from 16^{3} to 1024^{3}. By analyzing data with cross correlations between various thermodynamic quantities obtained from the same data pool, e.g., logarithmic derivatives of magnetization and derivatives of magnetization cumulants, we have obtained the critical inverse temperature K_{c}=0.221654626(5) and the critical exponent of the correlation length ν=0.629912(86) with precision that exceeds all previous Monte Carlo estimates.