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IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control

Further Results on Stabilizing Control of Quantum Systems

Bo Qi, Hao Pan, Lei Guo

Published Oct 19, 2012• 55 citations
Publisher

Abstract

It is notoriously known that in contrast to the measure of classical macro systems, the quantum measurement will in general cause quantum state collapse. In this note, we will present some further results on stabilizing control of quantum systems with measurement being involved. To be precise, we will study the effects of the open-loop control and the feedback control in preparing an arbitrarily desired eigenstate of an effective Hamiltonian, respectively. For the open-loop control case, it is shown that no matter how to select the measurement channel, control channel and the control law, one cannot prepare all the eigenstates of the effective Hamiltonian with arbitrary high fidelity for all sufficient large time. While for the feedback case, we not only demonstrate how to select the measurement channel properly to achieve the control target, but also show if not, what cannot be done by the measurement-based feedback control.

DOI
10.1109/tac.2012.2224252

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It is notoriously known that in contrast to the measure of classical macro systems, the quantum measurement will in general cause quantum state collapse. In this note, we will present some further results on stabilizing control of quantum systems with measurement being involved. To be precise, we will study the effects of the open-loop control and the feedback control in preparing an arbitrarily desired eigenstate of an effective Hamiltonian, respectively. For the open-loop control case, it is shown that no matter how to select the measurement channel, control channel and the control law, one cannot prepare all the eigenstates of the effective Hamiltonian with arbitrary high fidelity for all sufficient large time. While for the feedback case, we not only demonstrate how to select the measurement channel properly to achieve the control target, but also show if not, what cannot be done by the measurement-based feedback control.
As a key method in dealing with uncertainties, feedback has been understood fairly well in classical control theory. But for quantum control systems, the capability of measurement-based feedback control (MFC) has not been investigated systematically. In contrast to the control of classical systems where the measurement effect is negligible, the quantum measurement will cause a quantum state to collapse, which will inevitably introduce additional uncertainties besides the system initial uncertainty. Therefore, there is a complicated tradeoff between the uncertainty introduced and the information gained by the measurement, and thus a theoretical investigation of the capability of MFC is of fundamental importance. In this paper, inspired by both the Heisenberg uncertainty principle for quantum systems and the investigation of the feedback capability for classical systems, we try to answer the following three basic questions: (i) How to choose the measurement channel appropriately? (ii) Is the MFC still superior to the open loop control in dealing with the system information uncertainties? and (iii) What is the maximum capability or limitation of the MFC? These questions will be answered theoretically by establishing several theorems concerning the asymptotic reachability of eigenstates of a typical class of Hamiltonian control mode.
We investigate the impact of undesired Markovian couplings to external systems on the stabilization towards pure states or subspaces of continuously monitored quantum systems under open-loop and feedback control protocols. In particular, we provide sufficient conditions on perturbations to maintain stability of the target and demonstrate the boundedness in mean of the solutions of perturbed systems under open-loop protocols. Effect on the stability of feedback protocols is also analyzed. This work is a step toward a comprehensive robustness analysis of measurement-based control of quantum systems with respect to model perturbations.
This review develops a control-theoretic perspective on measurement-based feedback for continuously monitored open quantum systems, with the main analysis focused on finite-dimensional systems governed by diffusive stochastic master equations. We introduce the relevant state-space, invariant-subspace, and quantum non-demolition structures, interpret quantum filtering as nonlinear observer dynamics, and review open-loop asymptotics, filter stability, state-feedback stabilization, robustness, and reduced-order observer-based control. Particular emphasis is placed on a recurrence--contraction framework, in which Hamiltonian feedback removes non-target invariant obstructions while measurement-induced dynamics provide local exponential contraction. Although the detailed analysis is developed for finite-dimensional diffusive models, the underlying measurement--estimation--feedback architecture is relevant across a broad range of quantum platforms. We further discuss implementation challenges and open problems involving scalable estimation, sampling and delay, adaptation, hybrid and non-Markovian dynamics, practical stability, optimal control, and learning-based design. By organizing these developments around invariance, estimation, recurrence, and contraction, the review provides a tutorial bridge between measurement-based quantum feedback and nonlinear stochastic control.
Feedback plays an essential role in classical control theory, which has been investigated in depth. However, in quantum control theory, the study of feedback is still in its infancy. The paper continues to explore the fundamental characteristics of quantum feedback control for a typical coherent model based on the results of [3] by highlighting the significant differences between quantum feedback control and classical feedback control due to quantum measurement. The paper compares the control performance of quantum feedback control and quantum open-loop control in the cases with and without environment-induced decoherence. It concludes that in some sense, the quantum feedback control is still superior to the quantum open-loop control despite the complicated tradeoff in the feedback case, and further points out that how the quantum measurement-induced-collapse can play a positive role in the quantum feedback control.
Quantum systems can be controlled by other quantum systems in a reversible way, without any information leaking to the outside of the system-controller compound. Such coherent quantum control is deterministic, is less noisy than measurement-based feedback control, and has potential applications in a variety of quantum technologies, including quantum computation, quantum communication, and quantum metrology. Here we introduce a coherent feedback protocol, consisting of a sequence of identical interactions with controlling quantum systems, that steers a quantum system from an arbitrary initial state towards a target state. We determine the broad class of such coherent feedback channels that achieve convergence to the target state, and then stabilize as well as protect it against noise. Our results imply that also weak system-controller interactions can counter noise if they occur with suitably high frequency. We present an example of a control scheme that does not require knowledge of the target state encoded in the controllers, which could be the result of a quantum computation. It thus provides a mechanism for autonomous, purely quantum closed-loop control.