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Contributions to Plasma Physics

Introduction in Quantum Theory of Open Systems

Yu. L. Klimontovich

Published Jan 1, 1997• 17 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Abstract In this paper we try to define the author's position with respect to some fundamental problems of quantum theory.
DOI
10.1002/ctpp.2150370207

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Politics is regarded as a vital area of social science and strongly relies on the assumptions of voters’ rationality and as such the stability of preferences (at least in decisions that are made simultaneously). The phenomenon of divided government that has dominated the US political arena for many election periods over the last 40 years is not consistent with the notion of stable preferences of voters. The authors claim that there is no well defined ranking of their preferences on their utility function of “political preferences.” Recently, this problem has been handled by using the novel approach based on the formalism of quantum mechanics. The theory of quantum decision-making is applicable to the modeling of irrational and biased behavior of voters as well as to the nonseparability of their preferences. Irrationality, biases, and nonseparability lead to a deeper uncertainty than classical probabilistic uncertainty. In particular, quantum probability describes well the violation of Bayesian rationality. The authors model this nonclassical uncertainty in voters’ preferences by using elements of the fundamental quantum information structures such as superposition and entanglement. The chapter is an introduction to the quantum modeling of the behavior of an electorate with unstable preferences (contextual preferences) and the authors use one of the most potent theories of adaptive dynamics, namely, the theory of open quantum systems. In this model a voter’s decision is created in the process of interaction with an information bath in which the mass media play the key role. These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
An introduction to some basic ideas of the author's "quantum cybernetics" is given, which depicts waves and "particles" as mutually dependent system components, thus defining "organizationally closed systems" characterized by a fundamental circular causality. According to this, a new derivation of quantum theory's most fundamental equation, the Schroedinger equation, is presented. Finally, it is shown that quantum systems can be described by what Heinz von Foerster has called "nontrivial machines", whereas the corresponding classical counterparts turn out to behave as "trivial machines".
Abstract The study of open systems is a cornerstone of many scientific disciplines outside physics. Across the biological, social, and cognitive sciences, systems are commonly understood in terms of their interactions with an environment. This is because, at a fundamental level, the entities studied in these disciplines are rarely, if ever, isolated. While openness is often taken as a given in the special sciences, physics has historically developed with a strong emphasis on closed-system modelling. The success of Newtonian mechanics, classical thermodynamics, and quantum mechanics has to a large extent relied on the ability to isolate and describe systems in terms of well-defined boundary conditions. However, recent developments suggest that the importance of open systems is gaining increasing recognition even within physics. In this introduction we introduce the general topic of open systems in physics and the open systems view, and we summarise each of the other chapters of the volume.