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Journal of Optics B Quantum and Semiclassical Optics

Quantum dynamics of the relative phase in second-harmonic generation

J Delgado, Alfredo Luis, Luis Lorenzo Sánchez-Soto, A. B. Klimov

Published Jan 19, 2000• 8 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We present a comprehensive and self-consistent theory of the relative phase between fundamental and harmonic modes in the nonlinear process of second-harmonic generation. We introduce an adequate polar decomposition of the field amplitudes that leads to a truly Hermitian relative-phase operator, whose eigenstates correctly describe the phase properties of the fields. We find the probability distribution for the relative phase and, by using a numerical diagonalization of the interaction Hamiltonian, we study its time evolution. This evolution shows quite different asymptotic behaviours for long times depending on the total number of quanta.

DOI
10.1088/1464-4266/2/1/306

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We present a comprehensive and self-consistent theory of the relative phase between fundamental and harmonic modes in the nonlinear process of second-harmonic generation. We introduce an adequate polar decomposition of the field amplitudes that leads to a truly Hermitian relative-phase operator, whose eigenstates correctly describe the phase properties of the fields. We find the probability distribution for the relative phase and, by using a numerical diagonalization of the interaction Hamiltonian, we study its time evolution. This evolution shows quite different asymptotic behaviours for long times depending on the total number of quanta.
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Photon number and phase fluctuations and correlations in the second harmonic generation are discussed. The new Pegg-Barnett Hermitian phase formalism is used to deal with the phase properties of the field. The method of numerical diagonalization of the interaction Hamiltonian is applied to find the state evolution and, consequently, the number and phase quantum fluctuations. It is shown that the joint phase probability distribution evolves into a multi-peak structure indicating clearly the transition from the second harmonic to the down-conversion regime, and back. The evolution of all relevant quantities is illustrated graphically, and their dependence on the mean number of photons of the initial field is shown explicitly. The number-phase uncertainty product for the fundamental mode is plotted making evident the abrupt transition from the low to the high level of quantum fluctuations.
We present a comprehensive and self-consistent theory of relative-phase measurements and the associated Hermitian relative-phase operator of two harmonic oscillators. We find that since Nature does not favor any particular initial condition of the two oscillators, the relative-phase operator is not unique. We show that the relative-phase eigenstates are maximally entangled. Therefore, most relative-phase operators lack a classical correspondence, even in the high-excitation limit. Furthermore, we find that the relative phase and the excitation number difference are noncommuting, noncanonical observables and we derive a commutation relation.
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