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Journal of Physics Conference Series

Turbulence in a trapped Bose-Einstein condensate

Jorge Amin Seman, R. F. Shiozaki, Freddy Jackson Poveda-Cuevas, E. A. L. Henn, K. M. F. Magalhães, G. Roati, Gustavo Deczka Telles, Vanderlei Salvador Bagnato

Published Jan 10, 2011• 15 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We have used an atomic 87 Rb BEC to study the emergence of quantum turbulence. The application of an external oscillating magnetic field gradient is used to nucleate vortices and anti-vortices spread over the cloud, in many directions, setting up the conditions for the turbulent regime to arise. Once the turbulence is established one may study it in a variety of its different aspects and we will present and discuss a few of these possibilities.

DOI
10.1088/1742-6596/264/1/012004

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We have used an atomic 87 Rb BEC to study the emergence of quantum turbulence. The application of an external oscillating magnetic field gradient is used to nucleate vortices and anti-vortices spread over the cloud, in many directions, setting up the conditions for the turbulent regime to arise. Once the turbulence is established one may study it in a variety of its different aspects and we will present and discuss a few of these possibilities.
As a consequence of the quantization of its vorticity, superfluid systems may present the simplest form of turbulence and the exploration of turbulence in Bose condensed gases may create a gateway to better understand various turbulent phenomena. In this work, a magnetically trapped atomic condensate of 87Rb atoms is used to investigate the emergence of quantum turbulence. Vortices and anti-vortices are generated by applying an off axis, sinusoidal, magnetic field gradient and agitating the condensate to inject kinetic energy. Vortices are created on the periphery and propagate through the cloud, setting up experimental conditions favorable for turbulence. Once a turbulent regime has been produced, the condensate is released from its trapping potential and allowed to freely expand. Measurements of the atomic density profile after a time of flight are used to gain insight into the in situ momentum distribution of the system. These images show clear deviations between the non-turbulent and turbulent density profiles, in both the distribution of momentum and its average magnitude.
Turbulence is a young field of research which is characterized by chaotic spinning flow regimes which appears in many important processes in nature. Vorticity, in superfluid systems, may present the simplest form of turbulence, and be a gateway to the study of this phenomenon in quantum gases. A 87Rb Bose condensate was used to observe and investigate the emergence of quantum turbulence, a few years back in our group. The vortices are created on the condensed-thermal interface and propagate across the cloud, setting up the experimental conditions favorable to the emergence of turbulence. Once the turbulent regime is set, the condensate is released and expands under free fall. Then, the atomic density profile is acquired, after some time-of-flight, and used to determine the in situ momentum distribution of the BEC. In this work, we have observed that, the perturbed density profiles are characteristic and different from the standard, non-perturbed ones. We have seen evidences of power law in the studied momentum and energy distributions and also coupling of quadrupolar mode to the momentum distribution of the excited condensate which is the main part of our findings. Additional features of the system, such as the condensates excited collective modes which plays a very important role on the roadmap to the turbulence regime, are discussed. We are currently setting up an experiment to be able to further investigate such features, and also to unfold the effects of interactions on the energy and momentum spectra associated to the density profiles. In doing so, we will further develop the tools and techniques needed to acquire more accurate and reliable results.
After more than a decade of experiments generating and studying the physics of quantized vortices in atomic gas Bose-Einstein condensates, research is beginning to focus on the roles of vortices in quantum turbulence, as well as other measures of quantum turbulence in atomic condensates. Such research directions have the potential to uncover new insights into quantum turbulence, vortices, and superfluidity and also explore the similarities and differences between quantum and classical turbulence in entirely new settings. Here we present a critical assessment of theoretical and experimental studies in this emerging field of quantum turbulence in atomic condensates.
We report on the experimental observation of vortex tangles in an atomic Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) of ;{87}Rb atoms when an external oscillatory perturbation is introduced in the trap. The vortex tangle configuration is a signature of the presence of a turbulent regime in the cloud. We also show that this turbulent cloud suppresses the aspect ratio inversion typically observed in quantum degenerate bosonic gases during free expansion. Instead, the cloud expands keeping the ratio between their axis constant. Turbulence in atomic superfluids may constitute an alternative system to investigate decay mechanisms as well as to test fundamental theoretical aspects in this field.
Turbulence is a young field of research which is characterized by chaotic spinning flow regimes which appears in many important processes in nature. Vorticity, in superfluid systems, may present the simplest form of turbulence, and be a gateway to the study of this phenomenon in quantum gases. A 87Rb Bose condensate was used to observe and investigate the emergence of quantum turbulence, a few years back in our group. The vortices are created on the condensed-thermal interface and propagate across the cloud, setting up the experimental conditions favorable to the emergence of turbulence. Once the turbulent regime is set, the condensate is released and expands under free fall. Then, the atomic density profile is acquired, after some time-of-flight, and used to determine the in situ momentum distribution of the BEC. In this work, we have observed that, the perturbed density profiles are characteristic and different from the standard, non-perturbed ones. We have seen evidences of power law in the studied momentum and energy distributions and also coupling of quadrupolar mode to the momentum distribution of the excited condensate which is the main part of our findings. Additional features of the system, such as the condensates excited collective modes which plays a very important role on the roadmap to the turbulence regime, are discussed. We are currently setting up an experiment to be able to further investigate such features, and also to unfold the effects of interactions on the energy and momentum spectra associated to the density profiles. In doing so, we will further develop the tools and techniques needed to acquire more accurate and reliable results.
We have studied a Bose-Einstein condensate of 87Rb^{87}Rb87Rb atoms under an oscillatory excitation. For a fixed frequency of excitation, we have explored how the values of amplitude and time of excitation must be combined in order to produce quantum turbulence in the condensate. Depending on the combination of these parameters different behaviors are observed in the sample. For the lowest values of time and amplitude of excitation, we observe a bending of the main axis of the cloud. Increasing the amplitude of excitation we observe an increasing number of vortices. The vortex state can evolve into the turbulent regime if the parameters of excitation are driven up to a certain set of combinations. If the value of the parameters of these combinations is exceeded, all vorticity disappears and the condensate enters into a different regime which we have identified as the granular phase. Our results are summarized in a diagram of amplitude versus time of excitation in which the different structures can be identified. We also present numerical simulations of the Gross-Pitaevskii equation which support our observations.