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Applied Mathematics

The Geometrical Theory of Science

Amagh Nduka

Published Jan 1, 2012• 6 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Classical mechanics and quantum mechanics are the two cornerstones of science. As is well known, classical mechanics, the theory that describes the macrophysical world, has grown and flowered both in experimentation and theorization. The same is not true of quantum mechanics, the theory that describes the microphysical world. While experimentation has shown giant strides, theorization has been essentially static, having not moved appreciably beyond the great achievements of the 1920s. The reason is not difficult to fathom: while theoretical progress in classical mechanics has been intellect-driven, that in quantum mechanics, on the other hand, has been machine-driven! In this paper we describe both classical and quantum systems in an absolute and a common language (geometry). Indeed, we construct the whole of science on the basis of just three numbers, namely, 1, 2, and 3.

DOI
10.4236/am.2012.311220

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Classical mechanics and quantum mechanics are the two cornerstones of science. As is well known, classical mechanics, the theory that describes the macrophysical world, has grown and flowered both in experimentation and theorization. The same is not true of quantum mechanics, the theory that describes the microphysical world. While experimentation has shown giant strides, theorization has been essentially static, having not moved appreciably beyond the great achievements of the 1920s. The reason is not difficult to fathom: while theoretical progress in classical mechanics has been intellect-driven, that in quantum mechanics, on the other hand, has been machine-driven! In this paper we describe both classical and quantum systems in an absolute and a common language (geometry). Indeed, we construct the whole of science on the basis of just three numbers, namely, 1, 2, and 3.
Usually one uses completely different mathematical descriptions to formulate classical and quantum mechanics. Classical theory may be nicely formulated in terms of symplectic geometry, and the quantum one in terms of algebraic objects related to a complex Hilbert space. However, it turns out that standard, nonrelativistic quantum mechanics possesses natural geometric structure that is even richer than that found in classical mechanics. This section reveals the beauty of the geometric approach to quantum theory and stands as a basis for the elegant geometrical ideas of Pancharatnam and, later on, of Aharonov and Anandan. These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
Abstract A scientist in the late nineteenth century could be forgiven for thinking that the major elements of physics were built on unshakeable foundations and effectively established for all time. The inspirational work of Galileo Galilei and Isaac Newton in the seventeenth century had been shaped by a further 200 years of theoretical and, in particular, experimental science into a marvellous construction which we now call classical physics. This physics appeared to explain almost every aspect of the physical world: the dynamics of moving objects, thermodynamics, optics, electricity, magnetism, gravitation, etc. So closely did theory agree with and explain experimental observations of the everyday world that there could be no doubt about its basic correctness- its essential ‘truth’. Admittedly, there were a few remaining problems but these seemed to be trivial compared with the fundamentals - a matter of dotting a few is and crossing some ts.
Quantum theory has created a fundamental change in our ideas as relativity theory had done before. But while relativity theory is essentially classical in its conceptions—it is in fact the culmination of classical physics—quantum mechanics is founded on some new principles. The quantum laws are very different in character from the laws we find in classical theory. In particular, quantum mechanics is a strictly statistical type of theory : from this arises the different conception of causality that marks the new outlook of modern physics. Classical theory describes the so-called macroscopic phenomena, that is, things and events which are more or less of the same size and kind as we find them in ordinary life; and so a description can be given in terms of concepts close to the ones we use in ordinary language. The language of quantum mechanics is based upon a duality principle ; and most of our ordinary language is equally dualistic.
In 1967-1968, Danil and Jakov Doubochinski, students of Moscow State University, discovered the amplitude quantization phenomenon - also known as Doubochinski’s Macrophysical Quantum Effect (DMQE) –relating to a great class of non-linear oscillatory systems, the behavior of which is difficult or even impossible to understand on the basis of classical theoretical mechanics. DMQE, which can be demonstrated on a multitude of electromechanic, radiotechnical, acoustic and other devices, appears when two or more oscillatory systems are interconnected with interactions that have a specific phase-dependent character - so-called “argumentйд interactions”.
In trying to develop a theory of chance, I have so far drawn largely on a metaphysical picture inspired by classical physics, and have used statistical mechanics as my central example of chance arising in physical theories. It has proven difficult to develop an adequate theory of chance. But perhaps things will look different if we turn to quantum mechanics. The theory of quantum mechanics is extremely well confirmed. It is doubtful whether it is strictly true in its current form, due to the well-known conflict between quantum mechanics and the general theory of relativity, but it is an outstandingly good example of a successful physical theory, and it represents a stark break from earlier models of the physical world. Perhaps by tapping into these resources, we can develop an adequate metaphysics of chance. The quantum mechanical world It is widely believed that quantum mechanics is starkly opposed to classical physics, because quantum mechanics claims that the world is governed by fundamentally indeterministic laws. As it happens, this common belief oversimplifies somewhat. Quantum mechanics is a theory that is formulated in relatively mathematical terms, quite removed from concepts of directly observable physical entities. Consequently, there is a great deal of room for interpretation of the meaning of the mathematics. Indeed, there are at least three interpretations of quantum mechanics which are serious candidates for giving an adequate account of how the mathematics relates to reality.