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Journal of Physics A Mathematical and General

Non-relativistic quantum mechanics in a non-commutative space

S. Chaturvedi, R. Jagannathan, Radhakrishnan Sridhar, Venkatraman Srinivasan

Published Feb 7, 1993• 9 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Non-relativistic quantum theory of a particle in a non-commutative space is formulated within the framework of the usual quantum mechanics itself. This is accomplished by showing explicitly that the Wess-Zumino formalism of deformed quantum mechanical phase space corresponding to a non-commutative space can be realized, in principle, in terms of the usual quantum mechanical phase space. The case of a slightly non-commutative space is considered in detail. A free particle in such a space is found to behave as if it is a charge particle moving in a self-generated magnetic field.

DOI
10.1088/0305-4470/26/3/008

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Non-relativistic quantum theory of a particle in a non-commutative space is formulated within the framework of the usual quantum mechanics itself. This is accomplished by showing explicitly that the Wess-Zumino formalism of deformed quantum mechanical phase space corresponding to a non-commutative space can be realized, in principle, in terms of the usual quantum mechanical phase space. The case of a slightly non-commutative space is considered in detail. A free particle in such a space is found to behave as if it is a charge particle moving in a self-generated magnetic field.
In analogy with conventional quantum mechanics, non-commutative quantum mechanics is formulated as a quantum system on the Hilbert space of Hilbert-Schmidt operators acting on non-commutative configuration space. It is argued that the standard quantum mechanical interpretation based on Positive Operator Valued Measures, provides a sufficient framework for the consistent interpretation of this quantum system. The implications of this formalism for rotational and time reversal symmetry are discussed. The formalism is applied to the free particle and harmonic oscillator in two dimensions and the physical signatures of non commutativity are identified.
A physical theory is proposed that obeys both the principles of special relativity and of quantum mechanics. As a key feature, the laws are formulated in terms of quantum events rather than of particle states. Temporal and spatial coordinates of a quantum event are treated on equal footing, namely as self-adjoint operators on a Hilbert space. The theory is not based upon Lagrangian or Hamiltonian mechanics, and breaks with the concept of a continuously flowing time. The physical object under consideration is a spinless particle exposed to an external potential. The theory also accounts for particle-antiparticle pair creation and annihilation, and is therefore not a single-particle theory in the usual sense. The Maxwell equations are derived as a straightforward consequence of certain fundamental commutation relations. In the non-relativistic limit and in the limit of vanishing time uncertainty, the Schrödinger equation of a spinless particle exposed to an external electromagnetic field is obtained.
We discuss an alternative version of non- relativistic Newtonian mechanics in terms of a real Hilbert space mathematical framework. It is demonstrated that the physics of this scheme correspondent with the standard formulation. Heisenberg-Schrodinger non-relativistic quantum mechanics is considered adequate and complete. Since the suggested theory is dispersion free, linear superposition principle is not violated but cannot affect results of measurements due to spectral decomposition theorem for self-adjoint operators (the collapse of wave function).
For the case of the quantization of the usual non-relativistic classical Lagrangian function quadratic in the velocity the validity is demonstrated of the non-canonical space-time formulation of quantum mechanics proposed recently by the author, which aims to evaluate, without appealing to the Schrödinger equation, the transformation function K(x,t′;y,t′) in the space representation on the basis of the composition rule K(x, t″; y, t′) = ∫K(x, t″; z, t)dzK(z, t; y, t′) (1) coupled with the supposition that it is approximated to zeroth order in the quantum of action h by the so-called semi-classical kernel Ko(x, t″; y, t′) = [(i/h)∂2S/∂x∂y]1/2 exp [(i/ℏ) S(x,t″; y, t′] (2) written in terms of the classical action S(x, t″; y, t′) alone. In the first place the action function corresponding to the above Lagrangian is expanded in power of the interval of time T = t″ − t′. Then the deviation of the semi-classical kernel (2) from the unitary transformation function is shown to be of the third order in T, and the corresponding correction term is evaluated by solving the integral equation (1). It is also shown that the semi-classical kernel is unitary for a free motion of a particle with its mass being a function in the space coordinate.
Mathematical method of quantum phase space is very useful in physical applications like quantum optics and non-relativistic quantum mechanics. However, attempts to generalize it for the relativistic case lead to some difficulties. One of problems is band structure of energy spectrum for a relativistic particle. This corresponds to an internal degree of freedom, so-called charge variable. In physical problems we often deal with such of dynamical variables that do not depend on this degree of freedom. These are position, momentum, and any combination of them. Restricting our consideration to this kind of observables we propose the relativistic Weyl--Wigner--Moyal formalism that contains some surprising differences from its non-relativistic counterpart.
We construct the algebra of operators acting on the Hilbert spaces of Quantum Mechanics for systems of N identical particles from the field operators acting in the Fock space of Quantum Field Theory by providing the explicit relation between the position and momentum operators acting in the former spaces and the field operators acting on the latter.This is done in the context of the non-interacting Klein-Gordon field.It may not be possible to extend the procedure to interacting field theories since it relies crucially on particle number conservation.We find it nevertheless important that such an explicit relation can be found at least for free fields.It also comes out that whatever statistics the field operators obey (either commuting or anticommuting), the position and momentum operators obey commutation relations.The construction of position operators raises the issue of localizability of particles in Relativistic Quantum Mechanics, as the position operator for a single particle turns out to be the Newton-Wigner position operator.We make some clarifications on the interpretation of Newton-Wigner localized states and we consider the transformation properties of position operators under Lorentz transformations, showing that they do not transform as tensors, rather in a manner that preserves the canonical commutation relations.