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International Journal of Modern Physics B

Integrable Extensions of Hubbard Hamiltonian

A. Avakyan, Tigran Hakobyan, A. Sedrakyan

Published Oct 30, 1997• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We construct the family of spin-chain Hamiltonians, which have affine quantum group symmetry Uqĝ. Their eigenvalues coincide with the eigenvalues of the usual spin-chain Hamiltonians, but have the degeneracy of levels, corresponding to affine Uqĝ. The space of states of these spin-chains is formed by the tensor product of fully reducible representations. The fermionic representations of spin-chain Hamiltonians, which have affine quantum group symmerty, was consructed. They correspond to new extensions of Hubbard Hamiltonians. The exact ground state of some examples is presented, exhibiting superconducting behavior via η-pairing mechanism.

DOI
10.1142/s0217979297001556

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We construct the family of spin-chain Hamiltonians, which have affine quantum group symmetry Uqĝ. Their eigenvalues coincide with the eigenvalues of the usual spin-chain Hamiltonians, but have the degeneracy of levels, corresponding to affine Uqĝ. The space of states of these spin-chains is formed by the tensor product of fully reducible representations. The fermionic representations of spin-chain Hamiltonians, which have affine quantum group symmerty, was consructed. They correspond to new extensions of Hubbard Hamiltonians. The exact ground state of some examples is presented, exhibiting superconducting behavior via η-pairing mechanism.
In this chapter we will reveal another piece of the algebraic structure of the Hubbard model. As was first observed by Uglov and Korepin [462], the Hubbard Hamiltonian on the infinite line is invariant under the action of the direct sum of two so-called Yangian quantum groups, extending the rotational and the η-pairing su(2) symmetries we encountered earlier. Following [172] we shall address the issue in a more general context. We present two pairs of fermionic representations of the Y(su(2)) Yangian quantum group which commute with the trigonometric [162] and hyperbolic [40, 41] versions of a Hubbard Hamiltonian with non-nearest-neighbour hopping. In both cases the two representations are also mutually commuting, hence can be combined into a representation of Y(su(2))⊕Y(su(2)). The generators of the Yangian symmetry of the ordinary Hubbard model (with nearest-neighbour hopping) and of a number of other interesting models like the Haldane-Shastry spin-chain [194, 394] are obtained as special cases of our general result. Introduction Quantum groups were introduced by Drinfeld [107, 109]. His original intention was to put what we called the Yang-Baxter algebra into the mathematically more conventional context of Hopf algebras. The Yangians are special quantum groups. Their representation theory [80, 81] is intimately related to the classification of integrable quantum systems with rational R -matrices.
The authors discuss the XXZ spin chain with certain boundary terms and the representation of quantum group SU q (2). It is shown that Bethe ansatz states are highest-weight states of SU q (2). With a generic q they construct the irreducible representations of the quantum group. For q being a root of unity, they show that there are new Bethe ansatz states, which coincide with null states of SU q (2). By taking certain limits the authors can derive the state mod b), which is necessary for constructing the indecomposable but reducible representations of SU q (2) and for the completeness of the state space. In this case the Hamiltonian may not be completely diagonalized.
We construct new families of spin chain Hamiltonians that are local, integrable, and translationally invariant. To do so, we make use of the Clifford group that arises in quantum information theory. We consider translation invariant Clifford group transformations that can be described by matrix product operators (MPOs). We classify translation invariant Clifford group transformations that consist of a shift operator and an MPO of bond dimension two—this includes transformations that preserve locality of all Hamiltonians and those that lead to non-local images of particular operators but, nevertheless, preserve locality of certain Hamiltonians. We characterize translation invariant Clifford group transformations that take single-site Pauli operators to local operators on at most five sites—examples of Quantum Cellular Automata—leading to a discrete family of Hamiltonians that are equivalent to the canonical XXZ model under such transformations. For spin chains solvable by the algebraic Bethe ansatz, we explain how conjugating by an MPO affects the underlying integrable structure. This allows us to relate our results to the usual classifications of integrable Hamiltonians. We also treat the case of spin chains solvable by free fermions.
Motivated by a study of the crossing symmetry of the asymmetric twin or ‘gemini’ representation of the affine Hecke algebra we give a construction for crossing tensor space representations of ordinary Hecke algebras. These representations build solutions to the Yang–Baxter equation satisfying the crossing condition (that is, integrable quantum spin chains). We show that every crossing representation of the Temperley–Lieb algebra appears in this construction, and in particular that this construction builds new representations. We extend these to new representations of the blob algebra, which build new solutions to the boundary Yang–Baxter equation (i.e. open spin chains with integrable boundary conditions). We prove that the open spin chain Hamiltonian derived from Sklyanin’s commuting transfer matrix using such a solution can always be expressed as the representation of an element of the blob algebra, and determine this element. We determine the representation theory (irreducible content) of the new representations and hence show that all such Hamiltonians have the same spectrum up to multiplicity, for any given value of the algebraic boundary parameter. (A corollary is that our models have the same spectrum as the open XXZ chain with nondiagonal boundary—despite differing from this model in having reference states.) Using these multiplicity data, and other ideas, we investigate the underlying quantum group symmetry of the new Hamiltonians. We derive the form of the spectrum and the Bethe ansatz equations.
A family of A2n(2) integrable open spin chains with Uq(Cn) symmetry was recently identified in arXiv:1702.01482. We identify here in a similar way a family of A2n−1(2) integrable open spin chains with Uq(Dn) symmetry, and two families of Dn+1(2) integrable open spin chains with Uq(Bn) symmetry. We discuss the consequences of these symmetries for the degeneracies and multiplicities of the spectrum. We propose Bethe ansatz solutions for two of these models, whose completeness we check numerically for small values of n and chain length N. We find formulas for the Dynkin labels in terms of the numbers of Bethe roots of each type, which are useful for determining the corresponding degeneracies. In an appendix, we briefly consider Dn+1(2) chains with other integrable boundary conditions, which do not have quantum group symmetry.