Abstract We have studied the formation of the molecular ion Rb2+ and the atomic ion Rb+. These are created in laser excited rubidium vapor at the first resonance, 5s–5p and 5p-nl transitions. A theoretical model is applied to this interaction to explain the time evolution and the laser-power dependence of the population density of Rb+ and Rb2+. A set of rate equations which describe: the temporal variation of the population density of the excited states; the atomic ion density; and the electron density, were solved numerically under the experimental conditions of Barbier and Cheret. In their experiment the Rb concentration was 1×1013cm−3 and the laser power was taken to be 50–500 mW at vapor temperature = 450 K. The results showed that the main processes for producing Rb2+ are associative ionization and Hornbeck-Molnar ionization. The calculations have also showed that, the atomic ions Rb+ are formed through the Penning Ionization (PI) and photoionization processes. Moreover, a reasonable agreement between the experimental results and our calculations for the ion currents of the Rb+ and Rb2+ is obtained.Abstract We have studied the formation of the molecular ion Rb2+ and the atomic ion Rb+. These are created in laser excited rubidium vapor at the first resonance, 5s–5p and 5p-nl transitions. A theoretical model is applied to this interaction to explain the time evolution and the laser-power dependence of the population density of Rb+ and Rb2+. A set of rate equations which describe: the temporal variation of the population density of the excited states; the atomic ion density; and the electron density, were solved numerically under the experimental conditions of Barbier and Cheret. In their experiment the Rb concentration was 1×1013cm−3 and the laser power was taken to be 50–500 mW at vapor temperature = 450 K. The results showed that the main processes for producing Rb2+ are associative ionization and Hornbeck-Molnar ionization. The calculations have also showed that, the atomic ions Rb+ are formed through the Penning Ionization (PI) and photoionization processes. Moreover, a reasonable agreement between the experimental results and our calculations for the ion currents of the Rb+ and Rb2+ is obtained.

Open PhysicsApr 10, 20084 citations

Determination of the atom number density in rubidium vapour

Damir Aumiler, Ticijana Ban, Robert Beuc +1 more

Jan 1, 20020 citations

Simultaneous determination of the temperature and density of rubidium vapor

Damir Aumiler, Ticijana Ban, Robert Beuc +1 more

Applied Physics BJul 1, 200311 citations

Determination of the atomic density of rubidium-87

Meng Zhao, Kai Zhang, L. Q. Chen

Atomic density is a basic and important parameter in quantum optics, nonlinear optics, and precision measurement. In the past few decades, several methods have been used to measure atomic density, such as thermionic effect, optical absorption, and resonance fluorescence. The main error of these experiments stemmed from depopulation of the energy level, self-absorption, and the broad bandwidth of the laser. Here we demonstrate the atomic density of 87 Rb vapor in paraffin coated cell between 297 K and 334 K mainly using fluorescence measurement. Optical pumping, anti-relaxation coating, and absorption compensation approaches are used to decrease measurement error. These measurement methods are suitable for vapor temperature at dozens of degrees. The fitting function for the experimental data of 87 Rb atomic density is given.Atomic density is a basic and important parameter in quantum optics, nonlinear optics, and precision measurement. In the past few decades, several methods have been used to measure atomic density, such as thermionic effect, optical absorption, and resonance fluorescence. The main error of these experiments stemmed from depopulation of the energy level, self-absorption, and the broad bandwidth of the laser. Here we demonstrate the atomic density of 87 Rb vapor in paraffin coated cell between 297 K and 334 K mainly using fluorescence measurement. Optical pumping, anti-relaxation coating, and absorption compensation approaches are used to decrease measurement error. These measurement methods are suitable for vapor temperature at dozens of degrees. The fitting function for the experimental data of 87 Rb atomic density is given.

Chinese Physics BSep 1, 20156 citations

Rubidium absorption spectroscopy

Ignacio Enrique Olivares Bahamondes, Patrick Carrazana

Institute of Physics eBooksSep 1, 20220 citations

Determination of atomic number density in MEMS vapor cells via single-pass absorption spectroscopy (SPAS)

Sumit Achar, Sinha, Shivam, M Ezhilarasan +2 more

Micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS)-based (chip-scale) alkali vapor cells are key components in emerging quantum technologies, where device performance critically depends on the atomic number density. Thus, it is important to have an accurate estimate of the atomic number density in MEMS-based alkali vapor cells to optimize light-matter interactions and design efficient quantum sensing systems. Here, a quantitatively validated method is presented for determining the rubidium (Rb) atomic number density in warm vapor using Single-Pass Absorption Spectroscopy (SPAS). The absolute transmission spectra are measured and modeled using the 780.24~nm and 420.29~nm transitions in Rb-filled MEMS vapor. The theoretical model employs a density-matrix formalism within the Lindblad framework and incorporates directly measurable experimental parameters, such as laser beam power, diameter, and cell temperature. The model explicitly accounts for optical pumping, Doppler broadening, and transit-time broadening effects and exhibits quantitative agreement ( $> 99\%$ ) with experimental spectra over a broad range of temperatures (293-353~K), laser probe powers of approximately 10~ $μ$ W-100~ $μ$ W at the 780.24~nm transition and 8~ $μ$ W-80~ $μ$ W at the 420.29~nm transition, and cell lengths (2--100~mm). This method demonstrates a practical and reliable approach for determining the density of alkali vapor cells for quantum sensing, metrology, and quantum communication applications.Micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS)-based (chip-scale) alkali vapor cells are key components in emerging quantum technologies, where device performance critically depends on the atomic number density. Thus, it is important to have an accurate estimate of the atomic number density in MEMS-based alkali vapor cells to optimize light-matter interactions and design efficient quantum sensing systems. Here, a quantitatively validated method is presented for determining the rubidium (Rb) atomic number density in warm vapor using Single-Pass Absorption Spectroscopy (SPAS). The absolute transmission spectra are measured and modeled using the 780.24~nm and 420.29~nm transitions in Rb-filled MEMS vapor. The theoretical model employs a density-matrix formalism within the Lindblad framework and incorporates directly measurable experimental parameters, such as laser beam power, diameter, and cell temperature. The model explicitly accounts for optical pumping, Doppler broadening, and transit-time broadening effects and exhibits quantitative agreement ($> 99\%$) with experimental spectra over a broad range of temperatures (293-353~K), laser probe powers of approximately 10~$μ$W-100~$μ$W at the 780.24~nm transition and 8~$μ$W-80~$μ$W at the 420.29~nm transition, and cell lengths (2--100~mm). This method demonstrates a practical and reliable approach for determining the density of alkali vapor cells for quantum sensing, metrology, and quantum communication applications.

arXiv:2511.00526Nov 1, 20250 citations

> 99\%

) with experimental spectra over a broad range of temperatures (293-353~K), laser probe powers of approximately 10~

μ

W-100~

μ

W at the 780.24~nm transition and 8~

μ

W-80~

μ

W at the 420.29~nm transition, and cell lengths (2--100~mm). This method demonstrates a practical and reliable approach for determining the density of alkali vapor cells for quantum sensing, metrology, and quantum communication applications.