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Fortschritte der Physik

Entangled Non-Local Quantum Interferometry

Giovanni Di Giuseppe, F. De Martini, D. Boschi, S. Branca

Published Nov 1, 1998• 3 citations
Publisher

Abstract

A novel quantum optical interference experiment based on a delayed correlation technique and involving photons prepared in a polarization-entangled state is presented. The resulting phenomenology is found to be determined by the simultaneous realization of several non-classical interference processes of distinct nature albeit strictly interrelated. A formal interpretation of the results is attempted by a standard quantum analysis and by the adoption of a set of interfering Feynman diagrams. In addition, a physical interpre-tation at a deeper level is undertaken by introducing for the system the basic theoretical background of a new concept in quantum optics: entangled interferometry. As a relevant application of this new paradigm, a novel two-photon welcher-weg argument within a delayed-choice experiment is presented. It leads to an unexpected complementarity puzzle which expresses the manifestation of the EPR non-locality within the general context of interferometry. PACS numbers: 03.65.Bz, 42.50.-p, 42.50.Wm.

DOI
10.1002/(sici)1521-3978(199811)46:6/8<643::aid-prop643>3.0.co;2-9

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A novel quantum optical interference experiment based on a delayed correlation technique and involving photons prepared in a polarization-entangled state is presented. The resulting phenomenology is found to be determined by the simultaneous realization of several non-classical interference processes of distinct nature albeit strictly interrelated. A formal interpretation of the results is attempted by a standard quantum analysis and by the adoption of a set of interfering Feynman diagrams. In addition, a physical interpre-tation at a deeper level is undertaken by introducing for the system the basic theoretical background of a new concept in quantum optics: entangled interferometry. As a relevant application of this new paradigm, a novel two-photon welcher-weg argument within a delayed-choice experiment is presented. It leads to an unexpected complementarity puzzle which expresses the manifestation of the EPR non-locality within the general context of interferometry. PACS numbers: 03.65.Bz, 42.50.-p, 42.50.Wm.
In order to understand whether nonlocality implies information transfer, a quantum optical experimental test, well within the scope of current technology, is proposed. It is essentially a delayed choice experiment as applied to entangled particles. The basic idea is: given two observers sharing position-momentum entangled photons, one party chooses whether she measures position or momentum of her photons after the particles leave the source. The other party should infer her action by checking for the absence or presence of characteristic interference patterns after subjecting his particles to certain optical pre-processing. An occurance of signal transmission is attributed to the breakdown of complementarity in incomplete measurements. Since the result implies that the transferred information is classical, we discuss some propositions for safeguarding causality.
Here we report a experimental realization of that assisted by polarization entanglement of photon pairs. Nearly perfect polarization correlation between two photons can be employed to this delayed-choice experiment and then enable the space-like separation of the "choice-maker" (which is the polarization projection of one photon done by a Pockel Cell controlled by Quantum Random Number Generator) and single photon pulses. On one hand when we detected the single photon pulse in closed interferometer, high visiblity interference pattern show the signature of wave nature of it. On the other hand when we detected the single photon pulse in opened interferometer, no interference is shown at all which shows the particle nature of it.
We discuss complementarity and uncertainty in a gedanken Which-Way (Welcher-Weg) experiment in a Mach-Zehnder interferometer. Although a Welcher-Weg measurement can be performed with only a negligible amount of momentum change in the detector itself, the change in the interference pattern must correspond to a change in the momentum distribution of the particle. Entanglement between the Mach-Zehnder interferometer and the Welcher-Weg measurement introduces orthogonality that disables the interference of the particle, but simultaneously, it also generates a momentum transfer between the particle and other parts of the whole entangled system (including macroscopic parts). This analysis can be related to the Delayed Choice interpretation. We show where the momentum change takes place and we conclude that entanglement is the key to understand how complementarity (i.e. Which Way versus interference) and the position-momentum uncertainty relation are interwoven.
Although most physics experiments are carried out with independent particles, it is the collective nature of entangled particles that reveals the most fascinating and unexpected aspects of the quantum world. It was Erwin Schrodinger who first said “entanglement is not one but rather the characteristic trait of quantum mechanics”. One curious aspect of the behavior of a pair of particles in an entangled state is that, though each individual particle exhibits an inherent uncertainty, the joint entity of an entangled pair can exhibit no such uncertainty. As an example, while the time of arrival of an individual particle may be totally random, an entangled pair must always arrive simultaneously. This property offers a unique tool for carrying out absolute measurements. Our goal here is to explore the myriad implications and significance of entanglement and to exploit it for the development of a new type of optical measurement—quantum optical metrology. The existence of unique non-classical correlations between twin photons generated in the nonlinear process of spontaneous parametric origins. The non-classical link between such twin quanta is not diminished by arbitrarily large separations between the twins, even when they lie outside the light cone. Twin states have been used with great effectiveness over the past two decades for carrying out definitive quantum experiments that lead to counterintuitive results; among these are those arising from the EinsteinPodolsky-Rosen (EPR) paradox such as various tests of Bell’s inequalities [1-12], as well as non-local dispersion cancellation, entangled-photon–induced transparency, and entangled-photon spectroscopy with monochromatic light. The availability of these twin beams has made it possible to conduct such experiments without having to resort to
The authors review some of the experiments performed over the past few years on two-photon interference. These include a test of Bell's inequalities, a study of the complementarity principle, an application of EPR correlations for dispersion-free time measurements, and an experiment to demonstrate the superluminal nature of the tunnelling process. The non-local character of the quantum world is brought out clearly by these experiments. As the authors explain, however, quantum non-locality is not inconsistent with Einstein causality.
Indistinguishability in quantum mechanics is an essential concept to understanding mysterious quantum features such as self-interference of a single photon and two-photon nonlocal correlation. Delayed-choice experiments are for the cause-effect violation via post-measurements of photons in an interferometric system. Recently, a macroscopic version of the delayed-choice experiments has been demonstrated using the classical means of Poisson distributed photons in a noninterfering Mach-Zehnder interferometer (NMZI). Here, a coherence version of the nonlocal correlation is presented using the wave nature of photons in space-like separated orthogonally polarized NMZIs. For this, polarization-basis projections of the pair of NMZI output photons onto a set of polarizers are measured coincidently, where each output photon comprises orthogonal polarization bases. Because of the coherence feature of the output photons via coincidence detection, a phase sensitive nonlocal correlation is achieved. As a result, indistinguishability limited to a single or entangled photon pairs needs to be reconsidered with basis (polarization) randomness for the nonlocal correlation.