Bose-Einstein condensation, observed in either strongly interacting liquid helium or weakly interacting atomic Bose gases, is widely known to be a second-order phase transition. Here we predict a first-order Bose-Einstein condensation in a cloud of harmonically trapped bosons interacting with both attractive two-body interaction and repulsive three-body interaction, characterized respectively by an $s$ -wave scattering length $a<0$ and a three-body scattering hypervolume $D>0$ . It happens when the harmonic trapping potential is weak, so with increasing temperature the system changes from a low-temperature liquidlike quantum droplet to a normal gas and therefore experiences a first-order liquid-to-gas transition. At large trapping potential, however, the quantum droplet can first turn into a superfluid gas, rendering the condensation transition occurring later from a superfluid gas to a normal gas smooth. We determine a rich phase diagram and show the existence of a tricritical point, where the three phases, i.e., quantum droplet, superfluid gas, and normal gas, meet. We argue that an ensemble of spin-polarized tritium atoms could be a promising candidate to observe the predicted first-order Bose-Einstein condensation, across which the condensate fraction or central condensate density jumps to zero and the surface-mode frequencies diverge.Bose-Einstein condensation, observed in either strongly interacting liquid helium or weakly interacting atomic Bose gases, is widely known to be a second-order phase transition. Here we predict a first-order Bose-Einstein condensation in a cloud of harmonically trapped bosons interacting with both attractive two-body interaction and repulsive three-body interaction, characterized respectively by an $s$-wave scattering length $a<0$ and a three-body scattering hypervolume $D>0$. It happens when the harmonic trapping potential is weak, so with increasing temperature the system changes from a low-temperature liquidlike quantum droplet to a normal gas and therefore experiences a first-order liquid-to-gas transition. At large trapping potential, however, the quantum droplet can first turn into a superfluid gas, rendering the condensation transition occurring later from a superfluid gas to a normal gas smooth. We determine a rich phase diagram and show the existence of a tricritical point, where the three phases, i.e., quantum droplet, superfluid gas, and normal gas, meet. We argue that an ensemble of spin-polarized tritium atoms could be a promising candidate to observe the predicted first-order Bose-Einstein condensation, across which the condensate fraction or central condensate density jumps to zero and the surface-mode frequencies diverge.

arXiv:2103.16044Physical Review AOct 4, 202111 citations

Bose-Einstein condensation in interacting gases

Markus Holzmann, P. Grüter, Franck Laloë

arXiv:cond-mat/9809356The European Physical Journal BAug 1, 199951 citations

Liquid-Gas phase transition in Bose-Einstein Condensates

A. Gammal, T. Frederico, Lauro Tomio +1 more

We study the effects of a repulsive three-body interaction on a system of trapped ultra-cold atoms in a Bose-Einstein condensed state. The corresponding $s-$ wave non-linear Schrödinger equation is solved numerically and also by a variational approach. A first-order liquid-gas phase transition is observed for the condensed state up to a critical strength of the effective three-body force.We study the effects of a repulsive three-body interaction on a system of trapped ultra-cold atoms in a Bose-Einstein condensed state. The corresponding $s-$wave non-linear Schrödinger equation is solved numerically and also by a variational approach. A first-order liquid-gas phase transition is observed for the condensed state up to a critical strength of the effective three-body force.

arXiv:cond-mat/9904184Apr 13, 19990 citations

Bose-Einstein condensation of a weakly-interacting gas

C. G. Townsend, N. J. van Druten, Michael R. Andrews +4 more

Jan 1, 19970 citations

Liquid-gas phase transition in Bose-Einstein condensates with time evolution

A. Gammal, T. Frederico, Lauro Tomio +1 more

We study the effects of a repulsive three-body interaction on a system of trapped ultracold atoms in a Bose-Einstein condensed state. The stationary solutions of the corresponding s-wave nonlinear Schr\"odinger equation suggest a scenario of first-order liquid-gas phase transition in the condensed state up to a critical strength of the effective three-body force. The time evolution of the condensate with feeding process and three-body recombination losses has a different characteristic pattern. Also, the decay time of the dense (liquid) phase is longer than expected due to strong oscillations of the mean-squared radius.We study the effects of a repulsive three-body interaction on a system of trapped ultracold atoms in a Bose-Einstein condensed state. The stationary solutions of the corresponding s-wave nonlinear Schr\"odinger equation suggest a scenario of first-order liquid-gas phase transition in the condensed state up to a critical strength of the effective three-body force. The time evolution of the condensate with feeding process and three-body recombination losses has a different characteristic pattern. Also, the decay time of the dense (liquid) phase is longer than expected due to strong oscillations of the mean-squared radius.

arXiv:cond-mat/9909345Physical Review AMar 30, 200051 citations

Bose-Einstein Condensation in Atomic Gases

Società italiana di fisica, Carl Wieman, S. Stringari

Jan 1, 1999210 citations

s

-wave scattering length

a<0

and a three-body scattering hypervolume

D>0

. It happens when the harmonic trapping potential is weak, so with increasing temperature the system changes from a low-temperature liquidlike quantum droplet to a normal gas and therefore experiences a first-order liquid-to-gas transition. At large trapping potential, however, the quantum droplet can first turn into a superfluid gas, rendering the condensation transition occurring later from a superfluid gas to a normal gas smooth. We determine a rich phase diagram and show the existence of a tricritical point, where the three phases, i.e., quantum droplet, superfluid gas, and normal gas, meet. We argue that an ensemble of spin-polarized tritium atoms could be a promising candidate to observe the predicted first-order Bose-Einstein condensation, across which the condensate fraction or central condensate density jumps to zero and the surface-mode frequencies diverge.

We study the effects of a repulsive three-body interaction on a system of trapped ultra-cold atoms in a Bose-Einstein condensed state. The corresponding

s-

wave non-linear Schrödinger equation is solved numerically and also by a variational approach. A first-order liquid-gas phase transition is observed for the condensed state up to a critical strength of the effective three-body force.