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International Journal of Theoretical Physics

Robust Quantum Secure Communication with Spatial Quantum States of Single Photons

Bin Gu, Yugai Huang, Xia Fang, Yulin Chen

Published Aug 28, 2013• 46 citations
Publisher
DOI
10.1007/s10773-013-1765-2

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In this paper, we propose the first semiquantum secure direct communication (SQSDC) protocol which is based on single photons in both polarization and spatial-mode degrees of freedom. This protocol doesn't require both communicants to possess quantum capabilities, and is feasible for the direct communication circumstance where one communicant is quantum and the other is classical. We validate the complete robustness of the transmissions of single photons between two communicants in Steps 1 and 2 of this protocol in detail. It turns out that during these transmissions, if Eve wants not to be detected by two communicants, she will obtain nothing useful. The security of the whole protocol is guaranteed by the complete robustness of the transmissions of single photons between two communicants in Steps 1 and 2 of this protocol and the subsequent classical one-time pad encryption process. In this protocol, one single photon with two degrees of freedom can carry two private bits from the message owner, so compared with the existing SQSDC protocols based on single photons in one degree of freedom, its quantum communication capacity is doubled.
In this paper, we propose a new controlled quantum secure direct communication (CQSDC) protocol with single photons in both polarization and spatial-mode degrees of freedom. Based on the defined local collective unitary operations, the sender’s secret messages can be transmitted directly to the receiver through encoding secret messages on the particles. Only with the help of the third side, the receiver can reconstruct the secret messages. Each single photon in two degrees of freedom can carry two bits of information, so the cost of our protocol is less than others using entangled qubits. Moreover, the security of our QSDC network protocol is discussed comprehensively. It is shown that our new CQSDC protocol cannot only defend the outsider eavesdroppers’ several sorts of attacks but also the inside attacks. Besides, our protocol is feasible since the preparation and the measurement of single photon quantum states in both the polarization and the spatial-mode degrees of freedom are available with current quantum techniques.