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Journal of Mathematical Physics

Partial differential equations for the probability density and charge density of quantum statistical mechanics

Morton D. Kostin

Published May 1, 1991• 3 citations
Publisher

Abstract

A partial differential equation is derived for the Slater sum of the Dirac equation. Normalization of the Slater sum gives the temperature-dependent probability density. Another partial differential equation is derived for the Slater sum of the Klein–Gordon equation. This Slater sum yields the temperature-dependent charge density. The transition from quantum theory to classical theory for the two partial differential equations is carried out and the relation between the two resulting classical equations is investigated.

DOI
10.1063/1.529284

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A partial differential equation is derived for the Slater sum of the Dirac equation. Normalization of the Slater sum gives the temperature-dependent probability density. Another partial differential equation is derived for the Slater sum of the Klein–Gordon equation. This Slater sum yields the temperature-dependent charge density. The transition from quantum theory to classical theory for the two partial differential equations is carried out and the relation between the two resulting classical equations is investigated.
A nonlinear equation for the probability density of quantum theory is obtained from the Schrödinger equation for the case of complex wavefunctions. Motion of a particle in a centrally symmetric field is investigated and it is found that a linear differential equation for the radial distribution function can be derived. The linear equation is used to demonstrate the transition to classical theory and to derive a partial differential equation for the radial distribution function of statistical thermodynamics.
The Schrödinger equation for the wave functions is used to derive a linear partial differential equation for the time-dependent probability densities, ħ24m δ3P(x, t)δx3 = 2V(x) δPδx + V′P(x, t) − 2δε(x, t)δx − mδj(x, t)δt, where P(x, t), ε(x, t), j(x, t) are the time-dependent position, energy, and current densities, respectively. In the limiting case where the system is in the nth quantum state, it is shown that this partial differential equation reduces to the previously derived third-order ordinary differential equation for the probability position density.
The one-dimensional equation of motion for the canonical or Bloch density matrix is solved by the method of separation of variables for independent particles moving in a potential V(x). The solution is exact when third and higher derivatives of V(x) are zero, embracing thereby the examples of (a) harmonic potentials and (b) a constant electric field of arbitrary strength. The form of the Slater sum obtained involves then two functions of temperature only, to be determined. One obvious relation between these two functions is via the partition function. A further relation comes from the orthonormality of the wave functions appearing in the Slater sum: the analog of idempotency for the ground-state Dirac density matrix. These two conditions again are shown to lead back to the exact result for harmonic potentials. The results presented generalize the one-dimensional Thomas-Fermi theory to apply to a temperature range that is significantly wider than for the original method.
The Bloch equation is utilized to derive an integro-differential equation for the temperature dependence of the Wigner distribution function of a canonical ensemble. This equation is solved by two methods; one yields a power series in Planck's constant and the other a power series in the potential energy of the system. Transformation functions for the density matrix and the Wigner function are discussed and their possible application in the treatment of systems obeying Fermi-Dirac or Bose-Einstein statistics is investigated.