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Journal of Optics B Quantum and Semiclassical Optics

An optical lattice with single lattice site optical control for quantum engineering

R. Scheunemann, F. S. Cataliotti, Theodor W. Hänsch, Martin Weitz

Published Oct 1, 2000• 13 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We resolve and address atoms in single sites of an optical lattice with a period of 5.3 µm created by a retroreflected, focused CO 2 laser beam. In this one-dimensional lattice, the Lamb-Dicke limit can be fulfilled in all three spatial dimensions. Because of the negligible decoherence rate from spontaneous photon scattering such a lattice offers unique possibilities for the study of quantum phenomena in a controllable environment.

DOI
10.1088/1464-4266/2/5/312

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We resolve and address atoms in single sites of an optical lattice with a period of 5.3 µm created by a retroreflected, focused CO 2 laser beam. In this one-dimensional lattice, the Lamb-Dicke limit can be fulfilled in all three spatial dimensions. Because of the negligible decoherence rate from spontaneous photon scattering such a lattice offers unique possibilities for the study of quantum phenomena in a controllable environment.
We report on the microscopic imaging of individual sites of an optical lattice with a period of 5.3 \ensuremath{\mu}m created by a retroreflected, focused CO2{\mathrm{CO}}_{2}CO2​-laser beam. In this one-dimensional lattice, the Lamb-Dicke limit is fulfilled in all three spatial dimensions. Single lattice sites have been individually addressed with a focused near-resonant laser beam. Because of the negligible decoherence rate from spontaneous photon scattering such a lattice holds intriguing prospects for the realization of fault-tolerant quantum logic gates.
Summary form only given. Standing wave laser fields produce a periodic potential for atoms, which can trap cold atoms in an ordered crystal-like structure to form an optical lattice. Optical lattices have been used as model systems in studies of quantum dynamical effects and quantum state control. More recently, it has been suggested that such lattices would provide an attractive system for performing quantum logic experiments, as efficient quantum error correction schemes can be implemented due to the inherent possibility of parallel operation. On the other hand, the possibility to selectively address and manipulate single qubits is essential in the operation of quantum logic systems. This is difficult to achieve in conventional optical lattices, where the spatial period is of order half the wavelength of an optical absorption line. We report on the optical imaging of rubidium atoms trapped in the antinodes of an extremely far detuned optical lattice formed by retroreflecting the light of a CO/sub 2/-laser operating near 10.6 /spl mu/m. To our knowledge, this represents the first observation of the individual sites of an optical lattice with a periodicity near half the trapping wavelength. Besides the unusually large lattice constant (5.3 /spl mu/m), intriguing properties of this type of lattice also include extremely long coherence times, as the expected average photon scattering time is over 10 minutes.
Summary form only given. Optical lattices provide new opportunities to create entangled states of neutral atoms for quantum information processing. Such systems have some attractive features: decoherence is suppressed because neutrals couple weakly to the environment, and operations can be performed in parallel on a large ensemble of trapped atoms, thus offering avenues for scaling to many qubits. The main source of decoherence is spontaneous emission, but this can be negligible if all manipulations are performed rapidly compared to the photon scattering rate. We consider here the possibility of using resonantly induced electric dipole-dipole interactions to engineer two-qubit operations such as the swap gate and the controlled-phase which, together with single qubit operations, can perform arbitrary quantum computations.
We present an experimental study of a four-beam optical lattice using the light scattered by the atoms in the lattice. We use both intensity correlations and observations of the transient behaviour of the scattering when the lattice is suddenly switched on. We compare results for three different configurations of the optical lattice. We create situations in which the Lamb–Dicke effect is negligible and show that, in contrast with what has been stated in some of the literature, the damping rate of the ‘coherent’ atomic oscillations can be much longer than the inelastic photon scattering rate.
Optical lattices with one atom on each site and interacting via cold controlled collisions provide an efficient way to entangle a large number of qubits with high fidelity. It has already been demonstrated experimentally that this approach is especially suited for the generation of cluster states [O. Mandel et al., Nature 425, 937 (2003)] which reduce the resource requirement for quantum computing to the ability to perform single-qubit rotations and qubit read out. In this paper, we describe how to implement these rotations in one-dimensional and two-dimensional optical lattices without having to address the atoms individually with a laser field.