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Physical Review Letters

Semiclassical Quantization of Nonseparable Systems without Periodic Orbits

Franz Josef Weiper, Joachim Ankerhold, Hermann Grabert, Eli Pollak

Published Sep 23, 1996• 5 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We present a new method for the semiclassical quantization of classically integrable as well as nonintegrable systems. The method is based on the semiclassical approximation of the equilibrium density matrix, using classical trajectories on the upside down potential surface. Periodic orbits do not play any special role. Explicit results are given for the case of the classically chaotic potential ${\mathrm{kx}}^{2}{y}^{2}/2$.

DOI
10.1103/physrevlett.77.2662

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We present a new method for the semiclassical quantization of classically integrable as well as nonintegrable systems. The method is based on the semiclassical approximation of the equilibrium density matrix, using classical trajectories on the upside down potential surface. Periodic orbits do not play any special role. Explicit results are given for the case of the classically chaotic potential kx2y2/2{\mathrm{kx}}^{2}{y}^{2}/2kx2y2/2.
The periodic-orbit quantization approach of Gutzwiller, which is a semiclassical approximation of Feynman's path-integral formalism, is used to calculate finite-resolution densities of states for a Hamiltonian system whose classical motion is dominated by chaos, viz., the hydrogen atom in a uniform magnetic field. In spectral regions where the resolution obtained is larger than the mean level spacing, it is possible to extract approximate eigenvalues of the quantized system. The particular role of stable periodic orbits and their direct quantization are elaborated. Remarkable agreement with exact quantum calculations results.
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A new method for the quantization of classical Hamiltonian systems is presented. This method is based upon the correspondence between the Liouville formulation of classical mechanics and the Liouville–von Neumann formulation of quantum mechanics. It does not distinguish between integrable and nonintegrable systems, and consequently, is equally applicable to both types of systems. Further, it treats the indistinguishability of identical particles correctly, and thus, the semiclassical eigenstates have the correct symmetry properties. Application of the method is illustrated by a series of examples. The results are in excellent agreement with quantum mechanics and represent an improvement over results obtained using the uniform semiclassical approximation.
Einstein (1917) appreciated early on that within the “old” pre-1925/26 quantum mechanics absence of integrability is a serious obstacle for the quantization of classical systems. Therefore, in retrospect not surprisingly, the quantization problem was not adequately solved until the advent of the “new” quantum mechanics by Heisenberg, Born, Jordan and Schrödinger. The new quantum mechanics did not rely at all on the notion of classical paths, and this way, unwittingly, sidestepped the chaos problem. Within the framework of the new theory, any classical system can be quantized, including classically chaotic systems. But while the quantization of integrable systems is straightforward, the quantization of classically chaotic systems, even today, presents a formidable technical challenge. This is especially true for quantization in the semiclassical regime, where the quantum numbers involved are large. In fact, efficient semiclassical quantization rules for chaotic systems were not known until Gutzwiller (1971, 1990) intoduced periodic orbit expansions. Gutzwiller's method is discussed in Section 4.1.3 below. It is important to emphasize here that the existence of chaos in certain classical systems in no way introduces conceptual problems into the framework of modern quantum theory, although, let it be emphasized again, chaos came back with a vengeance from the “old” days of quantum mechanics. Even given all the modern day computer power accessible to the “practitioner” of quantum mechanics, chaos is the ultimate reason for the slow progress in the numerical computation of even moderately excited states in such important, but chaotic problems as the helium atom.