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Engineering & Technology

The art of quantum computing

Miya Knights

Published Jan 1, 2007• 5 citations
Publisher

Abstract

This paper presents a different kind of computer that will exploit the peculiarities of the quantum world to accomplish number-crunching feats that are currently impossible. The principles by which a quantum computer would work are quite different from those governing today's classical computers. Despite current processor and memory designs already having to take quantum mechanical effects into account, quantum computing is something far stranger.

DOI
10.1049/et:20070103

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This paper presents a different kind of computer that will exploit the peculiarities of the quantum world to accomplish number-crunching feats that are currently impossible. The principles by which a quantum computer would work are quite different from those governing today's classical computers. Despite current processor and memory designs already having to take quantum mechanical effects into account, quantum computing is something far stranger.
It has recently been recognized that computers could be profoundly more powerful, if the possibilities offered by the basic principles of quantum mechanics were exploited more completely in machine design. It is physically possible for the binary state of a computer itself to obey quantum mechanics, i.e., to evolve along a superposition of different (logical) pathways that could interfere with one another. This is what is meant by a quantum computer. It has recently been shown that such a computer can perform a class of computational problems, including prime factorization, very rapidly. Quantum computers will require an art that is radically different from any that the computer industry practices today. The bits of such a computer will have to be represented by the states of individual atoms. The use of one such atomic degree of freedom, the "spin", is illustrated below.
Computers today become faster by becoming smaller. By reducing the size of transistors, engineers are able to fit more of them on a given size microprocessor, thus increasing the processor's computational power. This process cannot continue forever. It has been estimated that sometime within the next two decades, at the current rate, engineers will be faced with the problem of building something that is smaller than an atom. This is as far as our current "classical" computing paradigm will take us. Quantum computing is a potential solution to this problem. This paradigm of computing seeks to directly exploit quantum mechanical phenomena to perform calculations or in some way boost computational efficiency. Some problems can theoretically be solved on a quantum computer exponentially faster than on a classical computer. An overview of the subject is provided here with emphasis on quantum information processing and physical realizations of a quantum computer. Included is a brief history of the subject, a discussion of quantum computing notions such as parallelism and entanglement and their use in quantum algorithms, and conjecture on the prospects and pitfalls of this theory.
Quantum computing represents one of the most profound technological and intellectual advances of the twenty-first century. Rooted in the principles of quantum mechanics and enriched by developments in computer science, mathematics, and engineering, quantum computing offers fundamentally new ways of processing information. By exploiting phenomena such as superposition, entanglement, and quantum interference, quantum computers promise to solve certain classes of problems that remain intractable for even the most powerful classical machines.
Over the past 40 years there has been a dramatic miniaturization in computer technology. If current trends continue, by the year 2020 the basic memory components of a computer will be the size of individual atoms. At such scales, the current model of computation, based on a mathematical idealization known as the Universal Turing Machine, is simply invalid. A new field, called "quantum computing" is emerging that is re-inventing the foundations of computer science and information theory in a way that is consistent with quantum physics - the most accurate model of reality that is currently known. Remarkably this new theory predicts that quantum computers can perform tasks exponentially faster than any conventional computer. Moreover, quantum effects allow unprecedented tasks to be performed such as teleporting information, breaking supposedly "unbreakable" codes, generating true random numbers, and communicating with messages that betray the presence of eavesdropping. These capabilities are of significant practical importance to banks and government agencies. lndeed, a quantum scheme for sending and receiving ultra-secure messages has already been implemented over a distance of 30km-far enough to wire the financial district of any major city. Modem microprocessors have to be designed with quantum mechanics in mind in order to ensure that they function correctly. In essence they use quantum effects to ensure that their classical computations are upheld. What no current processor does is to fully exploit quantum effects Recently, it took 1,600 computers communicating over the Internet 8 months to solve the factorisation of a 129-digit number. Should it be possible to build a microprocessor which fully exploits quantum mechanics then it may be possible to carry out such factorisations in remarkably less time. The RSA algorithm, a widely used encryption system, is safe only if such factorisations cannot be performed quickly. Although modem computers already exploit some quantum phenomena they do not make use of the full repertoire of quantum phenomena that Nature provides. Harnessing these phenomena will take computing technology to the very brink of what is possible in this Universe.
At the beginning of the 20th century, the quantum theory, which replaced the traditional ideas about the world, brought with it a number of illogical at that time and at the same time strange for the classical worldview restrictions on the permissibility of the influence of human society on material objects. Over the past few decades, scientists from a number of countries have been discussing the creation of a cipher founded by quantum cryptography, which is based on the use of photons and the principle of their polarization for the creation of unique codes that are almost impossible to crack. Considering cryptography as a kind of art form that allows hiding secret information in a sequence of zeros and ones, it can be noted that even today quantum cryptography is in demand not only in government communications and in big business. In addition, the constant increase in the transmission speed and the reduction in the cost of implementing a number of processes allow one to hope for an increasingly widespread use of quantum cryptosystems in various fields already in the next decade. The world’s largest institutions and companies are currently engaged in work in the field of quantum cryptography that makes grounds for talking about the formation of a market segment where almost all its participants are part of such a process. The article discusses the development of quantum cryptography over the past 30 years.