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Journal of Physics A Mathematical and Theoretical

Critical frequency control in harmonic quantum Brownian motion

Filippo Giraldi, Francesco Petruccione

Published Dec 3, 2012• 5 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The dissipative effects of a quantum harmonic oscillator, initially set in a coherent state and linearly coupled to a continuous distribution of frequency modes, are analyzed over long time scales in relation to the behavior of the spectral density near an arbitrary band gap, arbitrarily shaped at the higher frequencies. The reservoir is initially set either in the vacuum state or in continuous distributions of coherent states. These distributions are arbitrarily shaped at high frequencies and structured in sub- or super-ohmic configurations near an arbitrary band gap frequency. Similarly to certain decoherence processes of a qubit, critical conditions emerge, such that arbitrarily slow inverse power law relaxations of the expectation values of the observables, are obtained by approaching the boundary between the sub- and the super-ohmic regimes. Also, in such critical conditions, a trapping of the number of excitations appears in the super-ohmic regime. The technique of critical frequency control, emerging in the scenario of the environment-induced decoherence of a qubit via the reservoir engineering approach, is extended to the harmonic quantum Brownian motion.

DOI
10.1088/1751-8113/46/1/015304

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The dissipative effects of a quantum harmonic oscillator, initially set in a coherent state and linearly coupled to a continuous distribution of frequency modes, are analyzed over long time scales in relation to the behavior of the spectral density near an arbitrary band gap, arbitrarily shaped at the higher frequencies. The reservoir is initially set either in the vacuum state or in continuous distributions of coherent states. These distributions are arbitrarily shaped at high frequencies and structured in sub- or super-ohmic configurations near an arbitrary band gap frequency. Similarly to certain decoherence processes of a qubit, critical conditions emerge, such that arbitrarily slow inverse power law relaxations of the expectation values of the observables, are obtained by approaching the boundary between the sub- and the super-ohmic regimes. Also, in such critical conditions, a trapping of the number of excitations appears in the super-ohmic regime. The technique of critical frequency control, emerging in the scenario of the environment-induced decoherence of a qubit via the reservoir engineering approach, is extended to the harmonic quantum Brownian motion.
The exact dynamics of a quantum damped harmonic oscillator coupled to a reservoir of boson modes has been formally described in terms of the coupling function, both in weak and strong coupling regime. In this scenario, we provide a further description of the exact dynamics through integral transforms. We focus on a special class of spectral densities, sub-ohmic at low frequencies, and including integrable divergencies referred to as photonic band gaps. The Drude form of the spectral densities is recovered as upper limit. Starting from special distributions of coherent states as external reservoir, the exact time evolution, described through Fox H-functions, shows long time inverse power law decays, departing from the exponential-like relaxations obtained for the Drude model. Different from the weak coupling regime, in the sub-ohmic condition, undamped oscillations plus inverse power law relaxations appear in the long time evolution of the observables position and momentum. Under the same condition, the number of excitations shows trapping of the population of the excited levels and oscillations enveloped in inverse power law relaxations. Similarly to the weak coupling regime, critical configurations give arbitrarily slow relaxations useful for the control of the dynamics. If compared to the value obtained in weak coupling condition, for strong couplings the critical frequency is enhanced by a factor 4.
The analysis of a strongly coupled harmonic quantum Brownian motion has been performed in [1] for a special class of spectral densities obtained as a generalization of the Drude model. In the present scenario, we extend the study of the strongly coupled harmonic quantum Brownian motion to regular spectral densities that are structured as sub-Ohmic at low frequencies and arbitrarily shaped at high frequencies. The bosonic environment is initially in the vacuum state unentangled from the coherent state of the main oscillator. As a generalization of the previous results, we obtain that the long time dynamics is determined uniquely by the initial condition and the low frequency structure of the spectral density. Also in the present framework, inverse power law regressions to the asymptotics appear. The position and the momentum tend to undamped oscillations. The number of excitations relaxes to its initial value with damped oscillations enveloped in inverse power law relaxations. For the momentum and the number of excitations the inverse power law decays become arbitrarily slow in critical configurations by approaching the upper bound of the sub-Ohmic regime. The critical frequencies of the main oscillator are determined by the first negative moment of the spectral densities. Differences with respect to the weak coupling regime arise.
The decoherence of a qubit is studied for a general class of spectral densities with an arbitrary band gap. The exact dynamics reveals the existence of critical values of the qubit transition frequency, such that relaxations of coherence show discontinuities, jumping from decays with powers arbitrarily larger than unity to powers arbitrarily larger than 0. The critical frequency is the sum of the band-gap frequency and the first negative moment of the spectral density. In the superohmic case, coherence is not entirely lost and the ratio of the trapped population approaches unity as the second negative moment of the spectral density becomes negligible with respect to the scale frequency. Arbitrarily slow decoherence processes are obtained in the critical configuration by approaching the boundary between subohmic and superohmic regimes. The setup of critical configurations constitutes a different way to control qubit decoherence.
The quantum model for a damped harmonic oscillator linearly coupled to a reservoir of continuous frequency modes has been exactly diagonalized either with or without the rotating wave approximation. The exact dynamics, formally described in terms of the coupling function, is analyzed for the Drude model. In this scenario, we focus on a class of couplings recovering the Drude form as a limiting case. The exact time evolution of the expectation values of the position, momentum and number operators are described through Fox H -functions, as well as the correlation function of the reservoir. In correspondence with the critical values of the frequency, discontinuities appear in the long time scale dynamics, arbitrarily slowing down the relaxations of the above observables. This effect allows one to enhance arbitrarily the lifetime of the excitations, giving relevant applications in the study of the quantum domain of opto-mechanical and nano-mechanical resonators. The critical frequency approach constitutes a further method of control in the scenario of environment-induced decoherence via reservoir engineering.
Anomalous decoherence in the Jaynes-Cummings model emerges for a certain class of bosonic reservoirs, described by spectral densities with a band gap edge frequency coinciding with the qubit transition frequency. The special reservoirs are piecewise similar to those usually adopted in quantum optics, i.e., sub-ohmic at low frequencies and inverse power laws at high frequencies. The exact dynamics of the qubit is described analytically through Fox H-functions. Over estimated long time scales, decoherence results in inverse power laws with powers decreasing continuously to unity, according to the particular choice of the special reservoir. The engineering reservoir approach is a new way of strongly delaying the decoherence process with possible applications to quantum technologies, due to the simple form of the designed reservoirs.
The evolution of quantum coherence in a qubit is analyzed, over short and long times, in case the qubit interacts with a bosonic environment. The distribution of the frequency modes exhibits a low-frequency band gap. The initial conditions under study of the qubit and the bosonic environment are factorized or prepared with selective or nonselective measurements. The modulus of the coherence term of the reduced density matrix of the qubit evolves algebraically over short times and, due to the band gap, tends to the nonvanishing asymptotic value with damped oscillations. Depending on the measurement scheme, the nonselective preparation measurement can enhance quantum coherence or accelerate the decoherence process, over short times, according to dominant linear laws. Over long times, the nonselective preparation measurement produces the slowest-decaying envelope of the damped oscillations among the decoherence processes under study. Similar short- and long-time evolution is exhibited by the trace distance measure of two general states of the qubit.